{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:47:50Z","timestamp":1790646470432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25SFRNCCKMS1442888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25SFRNCCKMS1442888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25SFRNPCKMS1467445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25SFRNPCKMS1467445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovascular Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because CKMS was only proposed by the American Heart Association in 2023, there has been a paucity of information about the distribution and determinants of the syndrome across population groups. We reviewed published studies of the prevalence of CKMS in the U.S. and other countries and obtained new estimates of the prevalence of this syndrome among U.S. adults by birth decade and sociodemographic attributes using 2019, 2021, and 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. The results of this study indicate that CKMS is widespread in the general U.S. population, especially among older cohorts born before 1940 and during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Except for the three younger cohorts, born in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000 or later, the prevalence of CKMS stage 4 was significantly higher among males than in females. Among those born between the 1950s and 1990s, the prevalence was significantly higher among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Across all birth decades, prevalence of CKMS stage 4 was generally higher among those without a college degree, from a low-income household, and residing in rural areas. These prevalence rate estimates will further our understanding of the burden and unique needs of different population groups in improving cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic health across the life course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cardiovascmed29010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T12:46:11Z","timestamp":1770122771000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Prevalence of Cardiovascular\u2013Kidney\u2013Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Published Estimates and New Findings from BRFSS Surveys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven S.","family":"Coughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Public and Preventive Health, School of Public Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikul","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7483-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2559-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biplab","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public and Preventive Health, School of Public Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Management, Economics and Policy, School of Public Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7575-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlo","family":"Vernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0541-0247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2023.100028","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: Understanding the interconnections and the need for holistic intervention","volume":"1","author":"Jaradat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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