{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:45:18Z","timestamp":1788385518613,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Az: 91 437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Az: 91 437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Olympia Morata Program Fellowship","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]},{"name":"Onassis Foundation scholarship","award":["ID: F ZM 034-1\/ 2016-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID: F ZM 034-1\/ 2016-2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The central nervous system (CNS) does not recover from traumatic axonal injury, but the peripheral nervous system (PNS) does. We hypothesize that this fundamental difference in regenerative capacity may be based upon the absence of stimulatory mechanical forces in the CNS due to the protective rigidity of the vertebral column and skull. We developed a bioreactor to apply low-strain cyclic axonal stretch to adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) connected to either the peripheral or central nerves in an explant model for inducing axonal growth. In response, larger diameter DRG neurons, mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors showed enhanced neurite outgrowth as well as increased Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1609151636000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cyclic Stretch of Either PNS or CNS Located Nerves Can Stimulate Neurite Outgrowth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Kampanis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahardokht","family":"Tolou-Dabbaghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhika","family":"Puttagunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.024166","article-title":"Mechanical control of tissue and organ development","volume":"137","author":"Mammoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.079145","article-title":"The mechanical control of nervous system development","volume":"140","author":"Franze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019232","article-title":"Mechanical forces and growth in animal tissues","volume":"8","author":"LeGoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.023","article-title":"How We Feel: Ion Channel Partnerships that Detect Mechanical Inputs and Give Rise to Touch and Pain Perception","volume":"74","author":"Geffeney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: Their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.07.006","article-title":"Stretch growth of integrated axon tracts: Extremes and exploitations","volume":"89","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.04.002","article-title":"The emerging role of forces in axonal elongation","volume":"94","author":"Suter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200207174","article-title":"Mechanical tension can specify axonal fate in hippocampal neurons","volume":"159","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00308","article-title":"Developmental axon stretch stimulates neuron growth while maintaining normal electrical activity, intracellular calcium flux, and somatic morphology","volume":"9","author":"Loverde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1598","article-title":"Live imaging of axon stretch growth in embryonic and adult neurons","volume":"28","author":"Loverde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7978","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1974-04.2004","article-title":"Extreme stretch growth of integrated axons","volume":"24","author":"Pfister","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169720","article-title":"In vivo effects of limb movement on nerve stretch, strain, and tension: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Szikszay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256d263","DOI":"10.1054\/cuor.2001.0202","article-title":"Ulnar Nerve At the Elbow","volume":"15","author":"Collier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35870","article-title":"Ulnar nerve strains at the elbow: The effect of in Situ decompression and medial epicondylectomy","volume":"27","author":"Hicks","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35886","article-title":"Strain in the median and ulnar nerves during upper-extremity positioning","volume":"27","author":"Byl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)65524-1","article-title":"Changes in mechanical tension in the median nerve: Possible implications for the upper limb tension test","volume":"84","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130536","article-title":"Tension of the Ulnar, Median, and Radial Nerves During Ulnar Nerve Neurodynamic Testing: Observational Cadaveric Study","volume":"95","author":"Manvell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.24.4.368","article-title":"Strain in the tibial and plantar nerves with foot and ankle movements and the influence of adjacent joint positions","volume":"24","author":"Alshami","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)99801-8","article-title":"Mechanical tension in the median nerve","volume":"10","author":"Kleinrensink","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/84.1.102","article-title":"Stress-strain phenomena in human peripheral nerve trunks","volume":"84","author":"Sunderland","year":"1961","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.07.005","article-title":"Strain and excursion of the sciatic nerve in the dog: Biomechanical considerations in the development of a clinical test for increased neural mechanosensitivity","volume":"174","author":"Babbage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Strain and Excursion of the Sciatic, Tibial, and Plantar Nerves during a Modified Straight Leg Raising Test","volume":"25","author":"Coppieters","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res. Sept."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2013.0008","article-title":"Inducing neurite outgrowth by mechanical cell stretch","volume":"2","author":"Higgins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biores. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, F. (1781). Trait sur le Venim de le Vipere sur les Poisons Americains sur le Laurier-Cerise, Nyon. Tome 2.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.49263"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00698791","article-title":"Undulating course of nerve fibres and bands of Fontana in peripheral nerves of the rat","volume":"174","author":"Haninec","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12910","article-title":"Bands of Fontana are caused exclusively by the sinusoidal path of axons in peripheral nerves and predict axon path; evidence from rodent nerves and physical models","volume":"234","author":"Alvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5815.671","article-title":"Spiral Nerve Bands Of Fontana","volume":"2","author":"Med","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21311","article-title":"Modification of classical neurochemical markers in identified primary afferent neurons with A\u03b2-, A\u03b4-, and C-fibers after chronic constriction injury in mice","volume":"502","author":"Ruscheweyh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018497","article-title":"Soma neurofillament immunoreactivity is related to cell size and fibre conduction velocity in rat primary sensory neurons","volume":"435","author":"Lawson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.73","article-title":"Developmental waves of mechanosensitivity acquisition in sensory neuron subtypes during embryonic development","volume":"28","author":"Lechner","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3881","article-title":"Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"18","author":"Usoskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90213-5","article-title":"Lack of neurotrophin-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents","volume":"77","author":"Ernfors","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.03.006","article-title":"Nociceptor-dependent locomotor dysfunction after clinically-modeled hindlimb muscle stretching in adult rats with spinal cord injury","volume":"318","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Rapid-stretch injury to peripheral nerves: Implications from an animal model","volume":"133","author":"Mahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"53","article-title":"Post-translational modification of proteins by arginine and lysine following crush injury and during regeneration of rat sciatic nerves","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2017.2311","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of axon regeneration after neural injury","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2012.00008","article-title":"Role of transcription factors in peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Patodia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Gene Network Perspective on Axonal Regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Mason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160091","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.160091","article-title":"Atf3 mutant mice show reduced axon regeneration and impaired regeneration-associated gene induction after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"6","author":"Gey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1999.0814","article-title":"Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) induction by axotomy in sensory and motoneurons: A novel neuronal marker of nerve injury","volume":"15","author":"Tsujino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7911","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5313-06.2007","article-title":"ATF3 increases the intrinsic growth state of DRG neurons to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Seijffers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koivisto, E., Jurado Acosta, A., Moilanen, A.M., Tokola, H., Aro, J., Pennanen, H., S\u00e4kkinen, H., Kaikkonen, L., Ruskoaho, H., and Rys\u00e4, J. (2014). Characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of activating transcription factor 3 by hypertrophic stimuli in rat cardiomyocytes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105168"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4527","article-title":"PCAF-dependent epigenetic changes promote axonal regeneration in the central nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Puttagunta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0490-4","article-title":"Epigenomic signatures underpin the axonal regenerative ability of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons","volume":"22","author":"Palmisano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaub, P., Tedeschi, A., Puttagunta, R., Nguyen, T., Schmandke, A., and Di Giovanni, S. (2010). HDAC inhibition promotes neuronal outgrowth and counteracts growth cone collapse through CBP\/p300 and P\/CAF-dependent p53 acetylation. Cell Death Differ.","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.216"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw2064","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw2064","article-title":"Cbp-dependent histone acetylation mediates axon regeneration induced by environmental enrichment in rodent spinal cord injury models","volume":"11","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1235","article-title":"Towing of sensory axons by their migrating target cells in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Gilmour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2011.07.001","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy and its contribution to understanding the development of the nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Franze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13190","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2179-09.2009","article-title":"Muscle contractions guide Rohon-Beard peripheral sensory axons","volume":"29","author":"Paulus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901867106","article-title":"Mechanical tension contributes to clustering of neurotransmitter vesicles at presynaptic terminals","volume":"106","author":"Siechen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.03.052","article-title":"Exercise after spinal cord injury as an agent for neuroprotection, regeneration and rehabilitation","volume":"1619","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420045-6.00006-7","article-title":"Role of Physical Exercise for Improving Posttraumatic Nerve Regeneration","volume":"109","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401443101","article-title":"Voluntary exercise increases axonal regeneration from sensory neurons","volume":"101","author":"Molteni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21912","article-title":"Passive and active exercise improve regeneration and muscle reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury in the rat","volume":"43","author":"Udina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198908000-00005","article-title":"Passive exercise and reinnervation of the rat denervated extensor digitorum longus muscle after nerve crush","volume":"68","author":"Pachter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2697-9","article-title":"Non-invasive stimulation of the vibrissal pad improves recovery of whisking function after simultaneous lesion of the facial and infraorbital nerves in rats","volume":"212","author":"Bendella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.02.013","article-title":"Enhancing recovery from peripheral nerve injury using treadmill training","volume":"193","author":"English","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.07.008","article-title":"Micropatterned stretching system for the investigation of mechanical tension on neural stem cells behavior","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh160","article-title":"Three exercise paradigms differentially improve sensory recovery after spinal cord contusion in rats","volume":"127","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0392","article-title":"Treadmill training after spinal cord hemisection in mice promotes axonal sprouting and synapse formation and improves motor recovery","volume":"25","author":"Goldshmit","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00152.2002","article-title":"Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity","volume":"88","author":"Ying","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.09.004","article-title":"Exercise dependent increase in axon regeneration into peripheral nerve grafts by propriospinal but not sensory neurons after spinal cord injury is associated with modulation of regeneration-associated genes","volume":"276","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanslik, K.L., Allen, S.R., Harkenrider, T.L., Fogerson, S.M., Guadarrama, E., and Morgan, J.R. (2019). Regenerative capacity in the lamprey spinal cord is not altered after a repeated transection. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204193"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.03.044","article-title":"Exercise enhances axonal growth and functional recovery in the regenerating spinal cord","volume":"141","author":"Doyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.028","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the lamprey spinal cord: Uniaxial loading and physiological strain","volume":"46","author":"Luna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Rodemer, W., Sinitsa, I., Hu, J., and Selzer, M.E. (2020). Source of Early Regenerating Axons in Lamprey Spinal Cord Revealed by Wholemount Optical Clearing with BABB. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112427"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00023","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a key neurotransmitter in the neuro-immune axis","volume":"8","author":"Assas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.07.009","article-title":"The effect of mechanical strain or hypoxia on cell death in subpopulations of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro","volume":"171","author":"Gladman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04368.1994","article-title":"Axotomy results in delayed death and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in adult rats","volume":"14","author":"Berkelaar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13882","article-title":"Regulation of intrinsic axon growth ability at retinal ganglion cell growth cones","volume":"55","author":"Steketee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.227983","article-title":"Neurons respond directly to mechanical deformation with pannexin-mediated ATP release and autostimulation of P2X7 receptors","volume":"590","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.C., Lu, W., Beckel, J.M., Mitchell, C.H., Fornai, F., and Ceruti, S. (2016). Neuronal Release of Cytokine IL-3 Triggered by Mechanosensitive Autostimulation of the P2X7 Receptor Is Neuroprotective. Front. Cell. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00270"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24250","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of the Human Tibial and Peroneal Nerves Following Stretch with Histological Correlations","volume":"302","author":"Kerns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.007","article-title":"Stretchy nerves are an essential component of the extreme feeding mechanism of rorqual whales","volume":"25","author":"Vogl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01187848","article-title":"Neurofilament immunoreactivity in populations of rat primary afferent neurons: A quantitative study of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated subunits","volume":"20","author":"Perry","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2040188.094","article-title":"Treadmill exercise activates ATF3 and ERK1\/2 downstream molecules to facilitate axonal regrowth after sciatic nerve injury","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2390","article-title":"Cyclic stretch, reactive oxygen species, and vascular remodeling","volume":"11","author":"Birukov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.06.078","article-title":"Synaptic-like Vesicles Facilitate Pioneer Axon Invasion","volume":"29","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.008","article-title":"Functional Regeneration of the Sensory Root via Axonal Invasion","volume":"30","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F425","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00589.2014","article-title":"Cyclic stretch-induced TGF-\u03b21 and fibronectin expression is mediated by \u03b21-integrin through c-Src- and STAT3-dependent pathways in renal epithelial cells","volume":"308","author":"Hamzeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L265","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00492.2001","article-title":"Molecular cloning of actin filament-associated protein: A putative adaptor in stretch-induced Src activation","volume":"283","author":"Lodyga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.12.012","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and proteoglycans in axonal regeneration","volume":"204","author":"Pizzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6951","article-title":"Degradation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan enhances the neurite- promoting potential of spinal cord tissue","volume":"154","author":"Zuo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1111-06.2006","article-title":"Genes associated with adult axon regeneration promoted by olfactory ensheathing cells: A new role for matrix metalloproteinase 2","volume":"26","author":"Pastrana","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.08.013","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteases: Degradation of the inhibitory environment of the transected optic nerve and the scar by regenerating axons","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00290.2002","article-title":"Mechanical stretch induces MMP-2 release and activation in lung endothelium: Role of EMMPRIN","volume":"284","author":"Haseneen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32835eb9d1","article-title":"Mechanical stretching induces matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in rat retinal glial (M\u00fcller) cells","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.02.012","article-title":"Effects of activity-dependent strategies on regeneration and plasticity after peripheral nerve injuries","volume":"193","author":"Udina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04124.x","article-title":"Neurotrophin-4\/5 is required for the early growth of regenerating axons in peripheral nerves","volume":"21","author":"English","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00824","article-title":"Cellular mechanotransduction: From tension to function","volume":"9","author":"Martino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12398","article-title":"Integrins promote axonal regeneration after injury of the nervous system","volume":"93","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2142-12.2013","article-title":"Mechanosensitive TRPC1 channels promote calpain proteolysis of talin to regulate spinal axon outgrowth","volume":"33","author":"Kerstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5830-09.2010","article-title":"TRPV2 enhances axon outgrowth through its activation by membrane stretch in developing sensory and motor neurons","volume":"30","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/1\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:57Z","timestamp":1760179617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/1\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10010032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10010032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}}}