{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:35:00Z","timestamp":1787740500929,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea","award":["2018R1C1B6007133, 2019R1A6A1A11034536, and 2020R1A2C2004764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1C1B6007133, 2019R1A6A1A11034536, and 2020R1A2C2004764"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise training is a traditional method to maximize remaining function in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), but the exact mechanism by which exercise promotes recovery after SCI has not been identified; whether exercise truly has a beneficial effect on SCI also remains unclear. Previously, we showed that epigenetic changes in the brain motor cortex occur after SCI and that a treatment leading to epigenetic modulation effectively promotes functional recovery after SCI. We aimed to determine how exercise induces functional improvement in rats subjected to SCI and whether epigenetic changes are engaged in the effects of exercise. A spinal cord contusion model was established in rats, which were then subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks. We found that the size of the lesion cavity and the number of macrophages were decreased more in the exercise group than in the control group after 12 weeks of injury. Immunofluorescence and DNA dot blot analysis revealed that levels of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the brain motor cortex were increased after exercise. Accordingly, the expression of ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family members (Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3) in the brain motor cortex also elevated. However, no macrophage polarization was induced by exercise. Locomotor function, including Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and ladder scores, also improved in the exercise group compared to the control group. We concluded that treadmill exercise facilitates functional recovery in rats with SCI, and mechanistically epigenetic changes in the brain motor cortex may contribute to exercise-induced improvements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T14:28:53Z","timestamp":1610461733000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Exercise Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Changing DNA Methylation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganchimeg","family":"Davaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science &amp; BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science &amp; BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9904-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Uk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwonho","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Keun","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science &amp; BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Wiregene, Co., Ltd., Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5692-07.2008","article-title":"Prominent role of the spinal central pattern generator in the recovery of locomotion after partial spinal cord injuries","volume":"28","author":"Barriere","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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