{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1790390047900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, research on spermine (Spm) has turned up a lot of new information about this essential polyamine, especially as it is able to counteract damage from abiotic stresses. Spm has been shown to protect plants from a variety of environmental insults, but whether it can prevent the adverse effects of drought has not yet been reported. Drought stress increases endogenous Spm in plants and exogenous application of Spm improves the plants\u2019 ability to tolerate drought stress. Spm\u2019s role in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, glyoxalase systems, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, and creating tolerance for drought-induced oxidative stress is well documented in plants. However, the influences of enzyme activity and osmoregulation on Spm biosynthesis and metabolism are variable. Spm interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, to coordinate the reactions necessary for developing drought tolerance. This review focuses on the role of Spm in plants under severe drought stress. We have proposed models to explain how Spm interacts with existing defense mechanisms in plants to improve drought tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T11:54:53Z","timestamp":1611834893000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Spermine: Its Emerging Role in Regulating Drought Stress Responses in Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9168-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mahadi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4114-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Skalicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6679-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Shah","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8333-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Nazmul","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunaira","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Fei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadiyah M.","family":"Alabdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 383, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"Brestic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaclav","family":"Hejnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Wen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.144230","article-title":"Polyamine Homeostasis in Tomato Biotic\/Abiotic Stress Cross-Tolerance","volume":"727","author":"Tsaniklidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.01.003","article-title":"Polyamines: Natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants","volume":"29","author":"Hussain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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