{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:29:41Z","timestamp":1784366981447,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the 21st century, enteric fever is still causing a significant number of mortalities, especially in high-risk regions of the world. Genetic studies involving the genome and transcriptome have revealed a broad set of candidate genetic polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to and the severity of enteric fever. This review attempted to explain and discuss the past and the most recent findings on human genetic variants affecting the progression of Salmonella typhoidal species infection, particularly toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR5, interleukin (IL-) 4, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), VAC14, PARK2\/PACRG, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) class II and class III. These polymorphisms on disease susceptibility or progression in patients could be related to multiple mechanisms in eliminating both intracellular and extracellular Salmonella typhoidal species. Here, we also highlighted the limitations in the studies reported, which led to inconclusive results in association studies. Nevertheless, the knowledge obtained through this review may shed some light on the development of risk prediction tools, novel therapies as well as strategies towards developing a personalised typhoid vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human Genetic Variation Influences Enteric Fever Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pei Yee","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing En","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edd Wyn","family":"Hee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan Wang Xi","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Shuan","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei Xiang","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy","family":"Cletus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Kumar Chellappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyan","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chean Yeah","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Khoon","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62708-7","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"385","author":"Wain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","article-title":"Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology","volume":"68","author":"Crump","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1094","article-title":"Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Marchello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92427-6","article-title":"Water-borne transmission of chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi in Mexico","volume":"302","author":"Bessudo","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70009-9","article-title":"Are we adequately prepared for the emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A?","volume":"2","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antill\u00f3n, M., Warren, J.L., Crawford, F.W., Weinberger, D.M., K\u00fcr\u00fcm, E., Pak, G.D., Marks, F., and Pitzer, V.E. (2017). The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00294-07","article-title":"Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Asia and Molecular Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility to the Fluoroquinolones","volume":"51","author":"Chau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Naghavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30022-0","article-title":"Incidence of invasive salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa: A multicentre population-based surveillance study","volume":"5","author":"Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140142","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0142","article-title":"Genomics of immune response to typhoid and cholera vaccines","volume":"370","author":"Majumder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03087.x","article-title":"PARK2\/PACRG polymorphisms and susceptibility to typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"144","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.04.007","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms and typhoid susceptibility in Asian Malay population in Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Bhuvanendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziakas, P.D., Prodromou, M.L., El Khoury, J., Zintzaras, E., and Mylonakis, E. (2013). The Role of TLR4 896 A>G and 1196 C>T in Susceptibility to Infections: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Genetic Association Studies. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081047"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"185","article-title":"An association of VNTR polymorphism in intron3 of IL-4 gene with susceptibility to typhoid fever in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"43","author":"Fadl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kuwait J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7746","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706070114","article-title":"Human genetic variation inVAC14regulatesSalmonellainvasion and typhoid fever through modulation of cholesterol","volume":"114","author":"Alvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-0005-0","article-title":"Susceptibility to typhoid fever is associated with a polymorphism in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)","volume":"118","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1086\/651598","article-title":"Distribution of CFTR Variations in an Indonesian Enteric Fever Cohort","volume":"50","author":"Vossen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1086\/317940","article-title":"Genes of the Class II and Class III Major Histocompatibility Complex Are Associated with Typhoid Fever in Vietnam","volume":"183","author":"Dunstan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3143","article-title":"Variation at HLA-DRB1 is associated with resistance to enteric fever","volume":"46","author":"Dunstan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.0129","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Proinflammatory Genes and Susceptibility to Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1086\/428593","article-title":"Host Susceptibility and Clinical Outcomes in Toll-like Receptor 5\u2013Deficient Patients with Typhoid Fever in Vietnam","volume":"191","author":"Dunstan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2015.12.010","article-title":"Analysis of TLR polymorphisms in typhoid patients and asymptomatic typhoid carriers among the schoolchildren","volume":"17","author":"Sivaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1086\/319289","article-title":"Typhoid fever and genetic polymorphisms at the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1","volume":"183","author":"Dunstan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: Critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.11.5445","article-title":"Stimulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide During Cellular Invasion by LiveSalmonella typhimuriumIs a Critical But Not Exclusive Event Leading to Macrophage Responses","volume":"170","author":"Royle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-08","article-title":"Pathogen Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling in Innate Immune Defenses","volume":"22","author":"Mogensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085","article-title":"Defective LPS Signaling in C3H\/HeJ and C57BL\/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene","volume":"282","author":"Poltorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.322","article-title":"Analysis of TLR4 Polymorphic Variants: New Insights into TLR4\/MD-2\/CD14 Stoichiometry, Structure, and Signaling","volume":"177","author":"Rallabhandi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/76048","article-title":"TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans","volume":"25","author":"Arbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03146.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 signalling through MyD88 is essential to controlSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium infection, but not for the initiation of bacterial clearance","volume":"128","author":"Talbot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/ni712","article-title":"Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses","volume":"2","author":"Schnare","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078231","article-title":"Toll Pathway-Dependent Blockade of CD4+CD25+ T Cell-Mediated Suppression by Dendritic Cells","volume":"299","author":"Pasare","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.98","article-title":"Protective host immune responses to Salmonella infection","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838185","article-title":"TLR2 and TLR4 signaling shapes specific antibody responses to Salmonella Typhi antigens","volume":"39","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"35","article-title":"Development of immune response during typhoid fever in man","volume":"28","author":"Sarma","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0261","article-title":"Cellular and Cytokine Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Proteins in Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh","volume":"90","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"320","article-title":"Immunological, cellular and molecular events in typhoid fever","volume":"44","author":"Hamid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.6.979","article-title":"Lack of Toll-like Receptor 4 and 2 Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Bacteremia","volume":"21","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.10.018","article-title":"TLR4 polymorphism in Iranian patients with brucellosis","volume":"53","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i5.681","article-title":"Association between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 4, CD14, andCARD15\/NOD2and inflammatory bowel disease in the Greek population","volume":"11","author":"Gazouli","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.2075","article-title":"Simple genotype analysis of the Asp299Gly polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor-4 gene that is associated with lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness","volume":"16","author":"Okayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hue, N.T., Lanh, M.N., Phuong, L.T., Vinh, H., Chinh, N.T., Hien, T.T., Hieu, N.T., Farrar, J.J., and Dunstan, S.J. (2009). Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Typhoid Fever in Vietnam. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004800"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.12.009","article-title":"Salmonella infections in the mouse model: Host resistance factors and in vivo dynamics of bacterial spread and distribution in the tissues","volume":"6","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.9.1028","article-title":"Relevance of Mutations in the TLR4 Receptor in Patients with Gram-Negative Septic Shock","volume":"162","author":"Lorenz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/2191253a0","article-title":"Genetic Control of Leucocyte Responses to Endotoxin","volume":"219","author":"Sultzer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgel, P., Macquin, C., and Bahram, S. (2009). The Heterogeneous Allelic Repertoire of Human Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Genes. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007803"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1086\/653607","article-title":"Association of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile Polymorphisms with Increased Infection Risk in Patients with Advanced HIV-1 Infection","volume":"51","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gianchecchi, E., Torelli, A., Piccini, G., Piccirella, S., and Montomoli, E. (2016). N. meningitidis and TLR Polymorphisms: A Fascinating Immunomodulatory Network. Vaccines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4020020"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.237","article-title":"Antimicrobial Actions of the Nadph Phagocyte Oxidase and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Experimental Salmonellosis. II. Effects on Microbial Proliferation and Host Survival in Vivo","volume":"192","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022078","article-title":"Monocytes Heterozygous for the Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile Mutations in the Toll-like Receptor 4 Gene Show No Deficit in Lipopolysaccharide Signalling","volume":"197","author":"Erridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409831102","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms are associated with resistance to Legionnaires\u2019 disease","volume":"102","author":"Hawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1031605100","article-title":"Assay of locus-specific genetic load implicates rare Toll-like receptor 4 mutations in meningococcal susceptibility","volume":"100","author":"Smirnova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)01308-3","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Schumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506803102","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms in African children: Common TLR-4 variants predispose to severe malaria","volume":"103","author":"Mockenhaupt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704828104","article-title":"TLR4 polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans","volume":"104","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.03.012","article-title":"Impact of the Asp299Gly polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr-4) gene on disease course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"165","author":"Vogel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070214","article-title":"Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to human disease","volume":"114","author":"Misch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/35074106","article-title":"The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5","volume":"410","author":"Hayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.7.3914","article-title":"Bacterial Flagellin Is an Effective Adjuvant for CD4+T Cells In Vivo","volume":"169","author":"McSorley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaichana, P., Chantratita, N., Brod, F., Koosakulnirand, S., Jenjaroen, K., Chumseng, S., Sumonwiriya, M., Burtnick, M.N., Brett, P.J., and Teparrukkul, P. (2017). A nonsense mutation in TLR5 is associated with survival and reduced IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1 levels in human melioidosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005587"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00656-09","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 5-Dependent Regulation of Inflammation in Systemic Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection","volume":"77","author":"Fournier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031220","article-title":"A Common Dominant TLR5 Stop Codon Polymorphism Abolishes Flagellin Signaling and Is Associated with Susceptibility to Legionnaires\u2019 Disease","volume":"198","author":"Hawn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10593","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501165102","article-title":"A stop codon polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 5 is associated with resistance to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"102","author":"Hawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-013-0604-5","article-title":"A comparative analysis of TLR5 polymorphism and clinical parameters in typhoid patients and asymptomatic typhoid carriers","volume":"22","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"283","article-title":"The Nramp1 protein and its role in resistance to infection and macrophage function","volume":"111","author":"Samantha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Yang, Y., Zhou, F., Zhang, Y., Lu, H., Jin, Q., and Gao, L. (2011). SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) Polymorphisms and Tuberculosis Susceptibility: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015831"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2000.15.1.83","article-title":"NRAMP1gene polymorphisms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Koreans","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax7898","article-title":"Host resistance factor SLC11A1 restricts Salmonella growth through magnesium deprivation","volume":"366","author":"Cunrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2008.00814.x","article-title":"NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene polymorphisms that correlate with autoimmune versus infectious disease susceptibility in tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Dalyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20488","article-title":"Role of functional polymorphisms of NRAMP1 gene for the development of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Gazouli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medapati, R.V., Suvvari, S., Sudhakar, G., and Gangisetti, P. (2017). NRAMP1 and VDR gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis among Andhra Pradesh population in India: A case\u2013control study. BMC Pulm. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0431-5"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150326","article-title":"Association of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to leprosy in a Brazilian sample","volume":"111","author":"Brochado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.034108","article-title":"The Vac14-interaction Network Is Linked to Regulators of the Endolysosomal and Autophagic Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Schulze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.248","article-title":"VAC14 nucleates a protein complex essential for the acute interconversion of PI3P and PI(3,5)P2 in yeast and mouse","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802071115","article-title":"Genetic variation in VAC14 is associated with bacteremia secondary to diverse pathogens in African children","volume":"115","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803533115","article-title":"Reply to Gilchrist et al.: Possible roles for VAC14 in multiple infectious diseases","volume":"115","author":"Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-015-1115-2","article-title":"Membrane cholesterol plays an important role in enteropathogen adhesion and the activation of innate immunity via flagellin\u2013TLR5 signaling","volume":"197","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J.S., Kwon, S.-O., Moon, D.C., Gurung, M., Lee, J.H., Kim, S.I., and Lee, J.C. (2011). Acinetobacter baumannii Secretes Cytotoxic Outer Membrane Protein A via Outer Membrane Vesicles. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017027"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gradstedt, H., Iovino, F., and Bijlsma, J.J.E. (2013). Streptococcus pneumoniae Invades Endothelial Host Cells via Multiple Pathways and Is Killed in a Lysosome Dependent Manner. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065626"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151025","article-title":"Interferon-driven alterations of the host\u2019s amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever","volume":"213","author":"Blohmke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02051\u201315","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02051-15","article-title":"Salmonella Suppresses the TRIF-Dependent Type I Interferon Response in Macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Owen","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110547","article-title":"Host innate recognition of an intestinal bacterial pathogen induces TRIF-dependent protective immunity","volume":"208","author":"Sotolongo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.07.015","article-title":"Interferons: Success in anti-viral immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, A., Khanam, F., Sayeed, A., Rahman, T., Pacek, M., Hu, Y., Rollins, A., Bhuiyan, S., Rollins, S., and Kalsy, A. (2011). Interferon-\u03b3 and Proliferation Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Proteins in Patients with S. Typhi Bacteremia in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001193"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.11.2418","article-title":"Interleukin-6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor receptors in typhoid fever related to outcome of antimicrobial therapy","volume":"37","author":"Butler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9166","article-title":"In a novel form of IFN-\u03b3 receptor 1 deficiency, cell surface receptors fail to bind IFN-\u03b3","volume":"105","author":"Jouanguy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200738056","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 limits the availability of iron for intramacrophage Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"38","author":"Nairz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00152","article-title":"Iron at the interface of immunity and infection","volume":"5","author":"Nairz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.62.2.277","article-title":"Cell-specific and inducible Nramp1 gene expression in mouse macrophages in vitro and in vivo","volume":"62","author":"Govoni","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1111554","article-title":"Slc11a1 (Nramp1) impairs growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimuriumin macrophages via stimulation of lipocalin-2 expression","volume":"92","author":"Fritsche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3210","article-title":"Interferon-inducible effector mechanisms in cell-autonomous immunity","volume":"12","author":"MacMicking","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.2.609-615.1989","article-title":"Capacity of recombinant gamma interferon to activate macrophages for Salmonella-killing activity","volume":"57","author":"Kagaya","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11374","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M509157200","article-title":"Autophagy Controls Salmonella Infection in Response to Damage to the Salmonella-containing Vacuole","volume":"281","author":"Birmingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3858","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to invasive Salmonella disease","volume":"15","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380050059","article-title":"VNTR (variable number of tandem repeat) sequences as transcriptional, translational, or functional regulators","volume":"43","author":"Nakamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.5.1142.1142","article-title":"Molecular organization of the cytokine gene cluster, involving the human IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF genes, on human chromosome 5","volume":"73","author":"Martinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.550","article-title":"The IL4-VNTR P1 Allele, IL4-VNTR P2P2 Genotype, and IL4-VNTR_IL6-174CG P2P1-GG Genotype Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Brucellosis","volume":"70","author":"Gunal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.12.060","article-title":"Significant association of interleukin-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism with susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis","volume":"537","author":"Yigit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.05.011","article-title":"Association of interleukin (IL)-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Turkish population","volume":"74","author":"Karakus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46042-0","article-title":"Cellular immune response induced by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins at peripheral and mucosal levels","volume":"54","author":"Sood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701135","article-title":"M1 Means Kill; M2 Means Heal","volume":"199","author":"Ley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00514","article-title":"From Monocytes to M1\/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Italiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0412214","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: A review of \u201calternatives\u201d","volume":"92","author":"Luzina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopra, R., Ali, S., Srivastava, A.K., Aggarwal, S., Kumar, B., Manvati, S., Kalaiarasan, P., Jena, M., Garg, V.K., and Bhattacharya, S.N. (2013). Mapping of PARK2 and PACRG Overlapping Regulatory Region Reveals LD Structure and Functional Variants in Association with Leprosy in Unrelated Indian Population Groups. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003578"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/77060","article-title":"Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase","volume":"25","author":"Shimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.056","article-title":"Diversification of a Salmonella Virulence Protein Function by Ubiquitin-Dependent Differential Localization","volume":"137","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38682","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506309200","article-title":"Recognition and Ubiquitination of Salmonella Type III Effector SopA by a Ubiquitin E3 Ligase, HsRMA1","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00849-3","article-title":"Temporal Regulation of Salmonella Virulence Effector Function by Proteasome-Dependent Protein Degradation","volume":"115","author":"Kubori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/45829","article-title":"A Salmonella protein antagonizes Rac-1 and Cdc42 to mediate host-cell recovery after bacterial invasion","volume":"401","author":"Fu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of Ubiquitination in Regulation of Innate Immune Signaling","volume":"18","author":"Zohaib","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De L\u00e9s\u00e9leuc, L., Orlova, M., Cobat, A., Girard, M., Huong, N.T., Ba, N.N., Van Thuc, N., Truman, R., Spencer, J.S., and Adams, L. (2013). PARK2 Mediates Interleukin 6 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Production by Human Macrophages. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002015"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.08.010","article-title":"Ubiquitin-Dependent And Independent Signals In Selective Autophagy","volume":"26","author":"Khaminets","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2892","article-title":"Immune diseases caused by mutations in kinases and components of the ubiquitin system","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170058","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interactions and subversion of autophagy","volume":"61","author":"McEwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12566","article-title":"The ubiquitin ligase parkin mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens","volume":"501","author":"Manzanillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.005","article-title":"RNF166 Determines Recruitment of Adaptor Proteins during Antibacterial Autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Heath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00899-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00899-17","article-title":"Galectin-3 Inhibits Galectin-8\/Parkin-Mediated Ubiquitination of Group A Streptococcus","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02326","article-title":"Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG","volume":"427","author":"Mira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1227-6","article-title":"Linkage disequilibrium pattern and age-at-diagnosis are critical for replicating genetic associations across ethnic groups in leprosy","volume":"132","author":"Alter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.2306009","article-title":"Revisiting cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator structure and function","volume":"1","author":"Hanrahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10041","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis: A worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations-correlation with incidence data and application to screening","volume":"19","author":"Bobadilla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:2<135::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Geographic distribution and regional origin of 272 cystic fibrosis mutations in European populations. The Biomed CF Mutation Analysis Consortium","volume":"10","author":"Estivill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.022400","article-title":"Rapid detection of CFTR gene rearrangements impacts on genetic counselling in cystic fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Niel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/30006","article-title":"Salmonella Typhi uses CFTR to enter intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"393","author":"Pier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6416","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6416-6423.2002","article-title":"Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Modulates Cell Surface Expression of Its Receptor, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, on the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"70","author":"Lyczak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2011.05009.x","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex heterozygosity enhances reproductive success","volume":"20","author":"Ilmonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0174","article-title":"Does intra-individual major histocompatibility complex diversity keep a golden mean?","volume":"364","author":"Woelfing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Silberstein, L.E., Ness, P.M., Anderson, K.C., and Roback, J.D. (2007). Human Leukocyte and Granulocyte Antigens and Antibodies: The HLA and HNA Systems A2\u2014Hillyer, Christopher D. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine, Churchill Livingstone. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 10."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00048-08","article-title":"HLA and Infectious Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Blackwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.1.1","article-title":"The HLA Complex and the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases","volume":"151","author":"Pollack","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00257-5","article-title":"Genome-wide association and HLA region fine-mapping studies identify susceptibility loci for multiple common infections","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2014.51","article-title":"Genetic variation in the HLA region is associated with susceptibility to herpes zoster","volume":"16","author":"Crosslin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2370.2002.00318.x","article-title":"HLA-DRB1*12 is associated with protection against complicated typhoid fever, independent of tumour necrosis factor alpha","volume":"29","author":"Dharmana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.01.007","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha \u2212308 gene locus promoter polymorphism: An analysis of association with health and disease","volume":"1792","author":"Elahi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/2\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:33Z","timestamp":1760160033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/2\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10020345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10020345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]}}}