{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:04:55Z","timestamp":1773396295942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carol Lavin Bernick Faculty Grant","award":["631465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["631465"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer remains a major public health concern, mainly because of the incompletely understood dynamics of molecular mechanisms for progression and resistance to treatments. The link between melanoma and thyroid cancer (TC) has been noted in numerous patients. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins is a common mechanism in melanoma and TC that promotes tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness. However, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Papillary TC (PTC) patients have a 1.8-fold higher risk for developing cutaneous malignant melanoma than healthy patients. Our group and others showed that patients with melanoma have a 2.15 to 2.3-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with PTC. The BRAF V600E mutation has been reported as a biological marker for aggressiveness and a potential genetic link between malignant melanoma and TC. The main mechanistic factor in the connection between these two cancer types is the alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway activation and translocation. The mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking associated with RAS, RAF, and Wnt signaling pathways in melanoma and TC are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the roles of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, p27, forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO), and NF-KB within the nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular compartments and their association with tumor aggressiveness. A meticulous English-language literature analysis was performed using the PubMed Central database. Search parameters included articles published up to 2021 with keyword search terms melanoma and thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:49:26Z","timestamp":1613090966000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New Insights into the Link between Melanoma and Thyroid Cancer: Role of Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mourad","family":"Zerfaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-22 New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8751-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titilope Modupe","family":"Dokunmu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-22 New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota 23401, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Ali","family":"Toraih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-22 New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bashir M.","family":"Rezk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Biology Unit, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70126, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria Y.","family":"Abd Elmageed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-22 New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.78","article-title":"Increased melanoma risk in individuals with papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"140","author":"Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. 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