{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:05:04Z","timestamp":1790553904152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":276,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) belong to a group of neurodegenerative diseases called parkinsonian syndromes. They share several clinical, neuropathological and genetic features. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive dysfunction of specific populations of neurons, determining clinical presentation. Neuronal loss is associated with extra- and intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins. The parkinsonian diseases affect distinct areas of the brain. PD and MSA belong to a group of synucleinopathies that are characterized by the presence of fibrillary aggregates of \u03b1-synuclein protein in the cytoplasm of selected populations of neurons and glial cells. PSP is a tauopathy associated with the pathological aggregation of the microtubule associated tau protein. Although PD is common in the world\u2019s aging population and has been extensively studied, the exact mechanisms of the neurodegeneration are still not fully understood. Growing evidence indicates that parkinsonian disorders to some extent share a genetic background, with two key components identified so far: the microtubule associated tau protein gene (MAPT) and the \u03b1-synuclein gene (SNCA). The main pathways of parkinsonian neurodegeneration described in the literature are the protein and mitochondrial pathways. The factors that lead to neurodegeneration are primarily environmental toxins, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1615896062000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Various Forms of Parkinsonism\u2014Similarities and Differences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8920-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Koziorowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Figura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4197-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz M.","family":"Milanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Szlufik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5371-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Alster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Madetko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-285 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. 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