{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:24:27Z","timestamp":1794007467410,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs. It affects people of all ethnic backgrounds and occurs at any time of life but is more frequent in African Americans and Scandinavians and in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Sarcoidosis can affect any organ with a frequency varying according to ethnicity, sex and age. Intrathoracic involvement occurs in 90% of patients with symmetrical bilateral hilar adenopathy and\/or diffuse lung micronodules, mainly along the lymphatic structures which are the most affected system. Among extrapulmonary manifestations, skin lesions, uveitis, liver or splenic involvement, peripheral and abdominal lymphadenopathy and peripheral arthritis are the most frequent with a prevalence of 25\u201350%. Finally, cardiac and neurological manifestations which can be the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis, as can be bilateral parotitis, nasosinusal or laryngeal signs, hypercalcemia and renal dysfunction, affect less than 10% of patients. The diagnosis is not standardized but is based on three major criteria: a compatible clinical and\/or radiological presentation, the histological evidence of non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in one or more tissues and the exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous disease. Certain clinical features are considered to be highly specific of the disease (e.g., L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome, lupus pernio, Heerfordt\u2019s syndrome) and do not require histological confirmation. New diagnostic guidelines were recently published. Specific clinical criteria have been developed for the diagnosis of cardiac, neurological and ocular sarcoidosis. This article focuses on the clinical presentation and the common differentials that need to be considered when appropriate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1617186273000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":429,"title":["Sarcoidosis: A Clinical Overview from Symptoms to Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3070-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"S\u00e8ve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Durupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Jamilloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gerfaud-Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Lyon University Hospital, 69310 Pierre B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Boussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Calender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, 69500 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Androdias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Service Scl\u00e9rose en Plaques, Pathologies de la My\u00e9line et Neuro-Inflammation, H\u00f4pital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Valeyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Avicenne et Universit\u00e9 Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, 93008 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"El Jammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Lupus Pernio de La Face; Synovites Fongueuses (Scrofulo-Tuberculeuses) Sym\u00e9triques Des Extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s Sup\u00e9rieures","volume":"10","author":"Besnier","year":"1889","journal-title":"Ann. 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