{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:53:07Z","timestamp":1792428787294,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease and one of the leading causes of long-term disability. During the early phase after ischemic stroke, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits increased permeability and disruption, leading to an influx of immune cells and inflammatory molecules that exacerbate the damage to the brain tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated as a promising therapy to improve the recovery after ischemic stroke. The therapeutic effects imparted by MSCs are mostly paracrine. Recently, the role of extracellular vesicles released by these MSCs have been studied as possible carriers of information to the brain. This review focuses on the potential of MSC derived EVs to repair the components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) controlling the BBB, in order to promote overall recovery from stroke. Here, we review the techniques for increasing the effectiveness of MSC-based therapeutics, such as improved homing capabilities, bioengineering protein expression, modified culture conditions, and customizing the contents of EVs. Combining multiple techniques targeting NVU repair may provide the basis for improved future stroke treatment paradigms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1617186273000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Repairing the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Courtney","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean I.","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikunj","family":"Satani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2009). Prevalence and Most Common Causes of Disability Among Adults\u2014United States, 2005. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 58, 421\u2013426."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Diseases","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03701.x","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction-induced inflammatory signaling in brain pathology and epileptogenesis","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.04.044","article-title":"High-resolution in vivo optical imaging of stroke injury and repair","volume":"1623","author":"Sakadzic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.12.007","article-title":"Early disruptions of the blood-brain barrier may contribute to exacerbated neuronal damage and prolonged functional recovery following stroke in aged rats","volume":"29","author":"DiNapoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0468-9","article-title":"Is Immunomodulation a Principal Mechanism Underlying How Cell-Based Therapies Enhance Stroke Recovery?","volume":"13","author":"Satani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.06.020","article-title":"The stem cell secretome and its role in brain repair","volume":"95","author":"Drago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.04.017","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine applied to rheumatic diseases: Role of secretome and exosomes","volume":"95","author":"Maumus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","article-title":"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke","volume":"163\u2013164","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13412","article-title":"The dynamic blood-brain barrier","volume":"282","author":"Keaney","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5115","article-title":"A novel brain neurovascular unit model with neurons, astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells of rat","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-019-0145-6","article-title":"An isogenic neurovascular unit model comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons","volume":"16","author":"Canfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2891-16.2016","article-title":"Pericytes as Inducers of Rapid, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Dependent Capillary Damage during Ischemia","volume":"37","author":"Underly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12392","article-title":"Perspective for stroke and brain injury research: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2399","article-title":"The immunology of stroke: From mechanisms to translation","volume":"17","author":"Iadecola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.006","article-title":"Excitotoxicity and stroke: Identifying novel targets for neuroprotection","volume":"115","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0483-x","article-title":"Inflammation and Stroke: An Overview","volume":"13","author":"Anrather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15608396","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the peri-infarct zone in young adult and aged mice","volume":"36","author":"Nahirney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger, M., Hartig, W., Reichenbach, A., Bechmann, I., and Michalski, D. (2013). Blood-brain barrier breakdown after embolic stroke in rats occurs without ultrastructural evidence for disrupting tight junctions. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056419"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.119","article-title":"Protein kinase C activation modulates reversible increase in cortical blood-brain barrier permeability and tight junction protein expression during hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation","volume":"30","author":"Willis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.04.010","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated dysregulation of zonula occludens-1 properties in human brain microvascular endothelium","volume":"100","author":"Rochfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312816","article-title":"Endothelial Targets in Stroke: Translating Animal Models to Human","volume":"39","author":"Andjelkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.003","article-title":"Stepwise recruitment of transcellular and paracellular pathways underlies blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke","volume":"82","author":"Knowland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","article-title":"Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier","volume":"468","author":"Armulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013805","article-title":"Identification of Reversible Disruption of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier Following Acute Ischemia","volume":"47","author":"Simpkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.07.006","article-title":"Critical role of microvasculature basal lamina in ischemic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-09469-3_34","article-title":"Mechanisms and markers for hemorrhagic transformation after stroke","volume":"105","author":"Rosell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000083051.93319.28","article-title":"Closure of the blood-brain barrier by matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduces rtPA-mediated mortality in cerebral ischemia with delayed reperfusion","volume":"34","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011238","article-title":"Thromboinflammation in Stroke Brain Damage","volume":"47","author":"Denorme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh025","article-title":"Vascular ischaemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"70","author":"Eltzschig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12346","article-title":"bFGF attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial injury on myocardial ischaemia\/reperfusion via activation of PI3K\/Akt\/ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24469","article-title":"Canonical notch pathway protects hepatocytes from ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice by repressing reactive oxygen species production through JAK2\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.8.1658","article-title":"Reperfusion-induced injury to the blood-brain barrier after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2174\/15701611113119990016","article-title":"Angiogenesis-regulating microRNAs and Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"437","article-title":"Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon","volume":"52","author":"Ames","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000101917.80668.E1","article-title":"No-reflow phenomenon persists long-term after ischemia\/reperfusion in the rat and predicts infarct expansion","volume":"108","author":"Reffelmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.97","article-title":"Temporary [corrected] cerebral ischemia results in swollen astrocytic end-feet that compress microvessels and lead to delayed [corrected] focal cortical infarction","volume":"31","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1434-6_4","article-title":"Astrocytic involvement in the maturation phenomenon after temporary cerebral ischemia","volume":"118","author":"Ito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005249","article-title":"Pretreatment blood-brain barrier damage and post-treatment intracranial hemorrhage in patients receiving intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator","volume":"45","author":"Leigh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000499666","article-title":"Post-Stroke Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Poor Functional Outcome in Patients Receiving Thrombolytic Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Nadareishvili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.50","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: A new trend for cell therapy","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-019-0070-y","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human mesenchymal stromal cell secretomes: A systematic comparison of the angiogenic potential","volume":"4","author":"Kehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00700","article-title":"Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Diverse RNA Contents","volume":"11","author":"Veziroglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv084","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study","volume":"65","author":"Zaborowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3614","article-title":"Apoptotic bodies from endothelial cells enhance the number and initiate the differentiation of human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro","volume":"104","author":"Hristov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.11.3791","article-title":"Activated Platelets Release Two Types of Membrane Vesicles: Microvesicles by Surface Shedding and Exosomes Derived From Exocytosis of Multivesicular Bodies and \u03b1-Granules","volume":"94","author":"Heijnen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purvinsh, L., Gorshkov, A., Brodskaia, A., and Vasin, A. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11010045"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32570","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.32570","article-title":"High-resolution proteomic and lipidomic analysis of exosomes and microvesicles from different cell sources","volume":"5","author":"Haraszti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609206","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1609206","article-title":"Defining mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles for therapeutic applications","volume":"8","author":"Witwer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11327","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3598","article-title":"Large oncosomes contain distinct protein cargo and represent a separate functional class of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"6","author":"Minciacchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.264442","article-title":"Angiogenesis and neuronal remodeling after ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600573","article-title":"Coupling of angiogenesis and neurogenesis in cultured endothelial cells and neural progenitor cells after stroke","volume":"28","author":"Teng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"264","article-title":"Border zone neovascularization in cerebral ischemic infarct","volume":"37","author":"Szpak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.9.1794","article-title":"Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Krupinski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12888","article-title":"Loss of capillary pericytes and the blood-brain barrier in white matter in poststroke and vascular dementias and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050021","article-title":"Vascular risk factors in dementia","volume":"247","author":"Schmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0078","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Improve Post-Stroke Neuroregeneration and Prevent Postischemic Immunosuppression","volume":"4","author":"Doeppner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.152","article-title":"Systemic administration of exosomes released from mesenchymal stromal cells promote functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity after stroke in rats","volume":"33","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320926164","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improve Functional Recovery in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Dose-Response and Therapeutic Window Study","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural. Repair."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601176","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.601176","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce Neuroinflammation, Promote Neural Cell Proliferation and Improve Oligodendrocyte Maturation in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"14","author":"Kaminski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286418789326","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418789326","article-title":"Immunological and non-immunological effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the ischaemic brain","volume":"11","author":"Doeppner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1409","article-title":"MiR-133b promotes neural plasticity and functional recovery after treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in rats via transfer of exosome-enriched extracellular particles","volume":"31","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.JNS14770","article-title":"Effect of exosomes derived from multipluripotent mesenchymal stromal cells on functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity in rats after traumatic brain injury","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101106","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapies protect against coupled degeneration of the central nervous and vascular systems in stroke","volume":"62","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-019-04388-1","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Secretome of Human Umbilical Cord- and Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells","volume":"166","author":"Romanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2019.01.013","article-title":"Secretome analysis of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"1867","author":"Baberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00161","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Deciphering Regulatory Roles in Stem Cell Potency, Inflammatory Resolve, and Tissue Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Fatima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.07.012","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the secretome of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells primed by pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"166","author":"Maffioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-2-11","article-title":"Induction of neuro-protective\/regenerative genes in stem cells infiltrating post-ischemic brain tissue","volume":"2","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Transl. Stroke Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2007.00792.x","article-title":"Neurotrophic and growth factor gene expression profiling of mouse bone marrow stromal cells induced by ischemic brain extracts","volume":"27","author":"Qu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.568881","article-title":"Comparison of bone marrow stromal cells derived from stroke and normal rats for stroke treatment","volume":"41","author":"Zacharek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718780942","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improve the Renal Microvasculature in Metabolic Renovascular Disease in Swine","volume":"27","author":"Eirin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09267","article-title":"Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels","volume":"466","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1069-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles affect disease outcomes via transfer of microRNAs","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr015","article-title":"Microvesicles derived from human adult mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced acute and chronic kidney injury","volume":"26","author":"Gatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muraca, M., and Cappariello, A. (2020). The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228682"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10172","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10172","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicle-associated long noncoding RNA","volume":"5","author":"Born","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9272","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks658","article-title":"Deep sequencing of RNA from immune cell-derived vesicles uncovers the selective incorporation of small non-coding RNA biotypes with potential regulatory functions","volume":"40","author":"Buermans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1413","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1413","article-title":"RNA in extracellular vesicles","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2016.1265924","article-title":"Platelet microvesicles in health and disease","volume":"28","author":"Melki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0366-z","article-title":"Introduction to Extracellular Vesicles: Biogenesis, RNA Cargo Selection, Content, Release, and Uptake","volume":"36","author":"Abels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, H., Drummen, G.P., and Mathivanan, S. (2016). Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020170"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510511103","article-title":"Mitochondrial transfer between cells can rescue aerobic respiration","volume":"103","author":"Spees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2015.02.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial transfer from Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells to mitochondria-defective cells recaptures impaired mitochondrial function","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2014.01.008","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells rescue injured endothelial cells in an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion model via tunneling nanotube like structure-mediated mitochondrial transfer","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2856","article-title":"Protective Effects of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Mitochondria in Brain Endothelium","volume":"36","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.005","article-title":"Mitochondria as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke","volume":"146","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.02.012","article-title":"Mitochondrial composition and function under the control of hypoxia","volume":"12","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.09.024","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signalling, metabolism and its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disease","volume":"1865","author":"Stannard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.027","article-title":"Mitophagy is a protective response against oxidative damage in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"229","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.191365","article-title":"Hypoxia therapy--a new hope for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunctions","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Gas. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18811277","article-title":"May the force be with you: Transfer of healthy mitochondria from stem cells to stroke cells","volume":"39","author":"Borlongan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R084640","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and their content in bioactive lipid mediators: More than a sack of microRNA","volume":"59","author":"Boilard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.10.004","article-title":"Exosomes as new vesicular lipid transporters involved in cell-cell communication and various pathophysiologies","volume":"1841","author":"Record","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D516","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1029","article-title":"Vesiclepedia 2019: A compendium of RNA, proteins, lipids and metabolites in extracellular vesicles","volume":"47","author":"Pathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.09.019","article-title":"ExoCarta: A Web-Based Compendium of Exosomal Cargo","volume":"428","author":"Keerthikumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200302070","article-title":"Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice","volume":"161","author":"Nitta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23203","article-title":"Disruptions of occludin and claudin-5 in brain endothelial cells in vitro and in brains of mice with acute liver failure","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1153-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate blood-brain barrier leakage after cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.02.023","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles, via miR-210, improve infarcted cardiac function by promotion of angiogenesis","volume":"1863","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-012-1396-6","article-title":"miR-210 activates notch signaling pathway in angiogenesis induced by cerebral ischemia","volume":"370","author":"Lou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Dasgupta, C., Li, Y., Huang, L., and Zhang, L. (2017). MicroRNA-210 Suppresses Junction Proteins and Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neonatal Rat Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071356"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.03.001","article-title":"Blood vessels as a scaffold for neuronal migration","volume":"126","author":"Fujioka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006551","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006551","article-title":"Molecular parallels between neural and vascular development","volume":"3","author":"Eichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00948","article-title":"Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Brain Vasculature Following Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Lacoste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309681","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Angiogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Todorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2298","article-title":"Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Reveals Modulation of Angiogenesis via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1071-9","article-title":"Exosomes Secreted by Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Contribute to Angiogenesis of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation In Vitro Through MicroRNA-181b\/TRPM7 Axis","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C308","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00275.2013","article-title":"TRPM7 regulates vascular endothelial cell adhesion and tube formation","volume":"308","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24040","article-title":"The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting","volume":"524","author":"Bahney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","article-title":"Reactive Astrocytes: Production, Function, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"46","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9480-6","article-title":"Immune players in the CNS: The astrocyte","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021272","article-title":"Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes Treated With a Semaphorin 3A Inhibitor Enhance Stroke Recovery via Prostaglandin D2 Synthase","volume":"49","author":"Hira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121146109","article-title":"Astrocytic high-mobility group box 1 promotes endothelial progenitor cell-mediated neurovascular remodeling during stroke recovery","volume":"109","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18928","article-title":"Transfer of mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons after stroke","volume":"535","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22738","article-title":"Microglial regulation of immunological and neuroprotective functions of astroglia","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8098-4","article-title":"Astrogliosis in CNS pathologies: Is there a role for microglia?","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00910","article-title":"ATP Modifies the Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Microglia and Influences Their Action on Astrocytes","volume":"8","author":"Drago","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E., Otgontenger, U., Jamsranjav, A., and Kim, S.S. (2020). Deleterious Alteration of Glia in the Brain of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186676"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01891-5","article-title":"Microglia induce the transformation of A1\/A2 reactive astrocytes via the CXCR7\/PI3K\/Akt pathway in chronic post-surgical pain","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418783959","article-title":"Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk: An Intimate Molecular Conversation","volume":"25","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1159\/000443040","article-title":"Astrocyte-Derived CCL2 is Associated with M1 Activation and Recruitment of Cultured Microglial Cells","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.07.038","article-title":"Electroacupuncture modulates stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha expression and mobilization of bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells in focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion model rats","volume":"1648","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X693031","article-title":"Secondary Release of Exosomes From Astrocytes Contributes to the Increase in Neural Plasticity and Improvement of Functional Recovery After Stroke in Rats Treated With Exosomes Harvested From MicroRNA 133b-Overexpressing Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells","volume":"26","author":"Xin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020420","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020420","article-title":"Astrogliosis","volume":"7","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/cells2030621","article-title":"Pericytes, mesenchymal stem cells and the wound healing process","volume":"2","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39676","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39676","article-title":"Pericytes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a model for the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0109","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Pericytes: To What Extent Are They Related?","volume":"25","author":"Malta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16630991","article-title":"In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use","volume":"36","author":"Helms","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00209","article-title":"Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury via Improvement of the Integrity of the Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"3611","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Isoform-B Stimulates Neurovascular Repair After Ischemic Stroke by Promoting the Function of Pericytes via Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1","volume":"55","author":"Guruswamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04162.x","article-title":"Macrophages are comprised of resident brain microglia not infiltrating peripheral monocytes acutely after neonatal stroke","volume":"100","author":"Denker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.162","article-title":"Regulation of microglial activation in stroke","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22298","article-title":"Comparison of polarization properties of human adult microglia and blood-derived macrophages","volume":"60","author":"Durafourt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150678","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5150678","article-title":"The Role of Microglia and Macrophages in CNS Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Cancer","volume":"2017","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12011","article-title":"Review: Activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain","volume":"39","author":"Boche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.659656","article-title":"Microglia\/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12992","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2102-11.2011","article-title":"Microglial cells contribute to endogenous brain defenses after acute neonatal focal stroke","volume":"31","author":"Faustino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11499","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11499","article-title":"Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke","volume":"7","author":"Szalay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22672","article-title":"Spreading depression requires microglia and is decreased by their M2a polarization from environmental enrichment","volume":"62","author":"Pusic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.30879","article-title":"M2 microglia-derived exosomes protect the mouse brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury via exosomal miR-124","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0270-3","article-title":"Malibatol A regulates microglia M1\/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARgamma-dependent manner","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01937-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alter disease outcomes via endorsement of macrophage polarization","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1159\/000495873","article-title":"Dental Follicle Stem Cells Ameliorate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Secreting TGF-beta3 and TSP-1 to Elicit Macrophage M2 Polarization","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00115-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells reduce microglial-mediated neuroinflammation after cortical injury in aged Rhesus monkeys","volume":"42","author":"Go","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12121-z","article-title":"Membrane particles generated from mesenchymal stromal cells modulate immune responses by selective targeting of pro-inflammatory monocytes","volume":"7","author":"Goncalves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz040","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury through miR-182-regulated macrophage polarization","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.06.037","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate microglia\/macrophage polarization and protect the brain against hypoxia-ischemic injury in neonatal mice by targeting delivery of miR-21a-5p","volume":"113","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7132708","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7132708","article-title":"MSC-Derived Exosome Promotes M2 Polarization and Enhances Cutaneous Wound Healing","volume":"2019","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.02.010","article-title":"Propagermanium, a CCR2 inhibitor, attenuates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury through inhibiting inflammatory response induced by microglia","volume":"125","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1777-16.2017","article-title":"Distinct Effects of miR-210 Reduction on Neurogenesis: Increased Neuronal Survival of Inflammation But Reduced Proliferation Associated with Mitochondrial Enhancement","volume":"37","author":"Voloboueva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Z.Y., Kang, H.L., Duan, W., Zheng, J., Li, Q.N., and Zhou, Z.J. (2018). MicroRNA-210 Promotes Accumulation of Neural Precursor Cells Around Ischemic Foci After Cerebral Ischemia by Regulating the SOCS1-STAT3-VEGF-C Pathway. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005052"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2013.55","article-title":"MicroRNA-210 overexpression induces angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the normal adult mouse brain","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00199","article-title":"Distinct Features of Doublecortin as a Marker of Neuronal Migration and Its Implications in Cancer Cell Mobility","volume":"10","author":"Ayanlaja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.83","article-title":"Identification and characterization of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult human brain","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S248892","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Neural Functional Injury: A Pivotal Role for AMPK and JAK2\/STAT3\/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway Modulation","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0668-1","article-title":"Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Stroke: Biodistribution and MicroRNA Study","volume":"10","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9851-0","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Axonal Growth of Cortical Neurons","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2774","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.184","article-title":"Enhanced neuroprotective efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells co-overexpressing BDNF and VEGF in a rat model of cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"102","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing Interleukin-10 Promote Neuroprotection in Experimental Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"6","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.06.013","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin-transduced human mesenchymal stromal cells in an animal model of ischemic stroke","volume":"1353","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.11.010","article-title":"Therapeutic benefits of angiogenetic gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells after cerebral ischemia","volume":"216","author":"Toyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3471","article-title":"Therapeutic genome editing by combined viral and non-viral delivery of CRISPR system components in vivo","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1474964","article-title":"Delivering CRISPR: A review of the challenges and approaches","volume":"25","author":"Lino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.064","article-title":"CRISPR-Mediated Integration of Large Gene Cassettes Using AAV Donor Vectors","volume":"20","author":"Bak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc18110","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 Edited sRAGE-MSCs Protect Neuronal Death in Parkinsons Disease Model","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3245","article-title":"Photoactivatable CRISPR-Cas9 for optogenetic genome editing","volume":"33","author":"Nihongaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1753","article-title":"A light-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system for control of endogenous gene activation","volume":"11","author":"Polstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.022","article-title":"Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression","volume":"152","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strutt, S.C., Torrez, R.M., Kaya, E., Negrete, O.A., and Doudna, J.A. (2018). RNA-dependent RNA targeting by CRISPR-Cas9. Elife, 7.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32724"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3155","article-title":"Inducible in vivo genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9","volume":"33","author":"Dow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101861","article-title":"Non-viral delivery systems of DNA into stem cells: Promising and multifarious actions for regenerative medicine","volume":"60","author":"Morshed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326828","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/326828","article-title":"Nonviral Gene Delivery of Growth and Differentiation Factor 5 to Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Injected into a 3D Bovine Intervertebral Disc Organ Culture System","volume":"2013","author":"Bucher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.Y., Park, S.H., Jeong, C.H., Oh, J.H., Kim, S.M., Ryu, C.H., Park, S.A., Ahn, J.G., Oh, W., and Jeun, S.S. (2010). Microporation is a valuable transfection method for efficient gene delivery into human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-10-38"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.11.032","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell engineering with multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tumor delivery","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34466","article-title":"Efficacy of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in delivering BMP-2 plasmid DNA for in vitro osteogenic stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"101","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.019","article-title":"MSC-based VEGF gene therapy in rat myocardial infarction model using facial amphipathic bile acid-conjugated polyethyleneimine","volume":"35","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.04.012","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides: Breaking through to the other side","volume":"18","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.04.083","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptide mimicking polymer-based combined delivery of paclitaxel and siRNA for enhanced tumor growth suppression","volume":"434","author":"Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.057","article-title":"Integration of antimicrobial peptides with gold nanoparticles as unique non-viral vectors for gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells with antibacterial activity","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201200033","article-title":"PEI conjugated gold nanoparticles: Efficient gene carriers with visible fluorescence","volume":"1","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc Mater."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1021\/bc900374d","article-title":"Low molecular weight polyethylenimine conjugated gold nanoparticles as efficient gene vectors","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.01.003","article-title":"Cell-Penetrating Peptides: From Basic Research to Clinics","volume":"38","author":"Guidotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.04.031","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides: 20 years later, where do we stand?","volume":"587","author":"Bechara","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00057.x","article-title":"Twenty years of cell-penetrating peptides: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"157","author":"Heitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3423","article-title":"Hypoxic preconditioning improves the survival and neural effects of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells via CXCL12\/CXCR4 signalling in a rat model of cerebral infarction","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.09.076","article-title":"Hypoxic preconditioning advances CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression by activating HIF-1alpha in MSCs","volume":"401","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.002","article-title":"Transplantation of hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhances angiogenesis and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"46","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Liu, Z., Hong, M.M., Zhang, H., Chen, C., Xiao, M., Wang, J., Yao, F., Ba, M., and Liu, J. (2014). Proangiogenic compositions of microvesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115316"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20120226","article-title":"Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the therapeutic potential of the secretome from cultured human mesenchymal stem cells in experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"124","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X690430","article-title":"Stroke Serum Priming Modulates Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Controlling the Expression miRNA-20a","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.114","article-title":"Cobalt chloride induces neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells through upregulation of microRNA-124a","volume":"444","author":"Jeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.09.003","article-title":"Enhancing trophic support of mesenchymal stem cells by ex vivo treatment with trophic factors","volume":"298","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X686887","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improved neurovascular regeneration and rescued neuropsychiatric deficits after neonatal stroke in rats","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23616","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve functional recovery through thrombospondin1, pantraxin3, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the ischemic rat brain","volume":"93","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X657251","article-title":"Delayed intranasal delivery of hypoxic-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhanced cell homing and therapeutic benefits after ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24025","article-title":"Transplantation with hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells suppresses brain injury caused by cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146432","article-title":"Hypoxia conditioning enhances neuroprotective effects of aged human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned medium against cerebral ischemia in vitro","volume":"1725","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0177","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Induce Angiogenesis via Microvesicle Transport of miRNA-31","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.189","article-title":"Human MSC suppression correlates with cytokine induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and bystander M2 macrophage differentiation","volume":"20","author":"Francois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-014-9495-2","article-title":"Interferon-gamma modification of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy in allotransplantation","volume":"10","author":"Sivanathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0531-4","article-title":"Interleukin-1 primes human mesenchymal stem cells towards an anti-inflammatory and pro-trophic phenotype in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Cunningham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0166","article-title":"Priming Dental Pulp Stem Cells With Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Increases Angiogenesis of Implanted Tissue-Engineered Constructs Through Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secretion","volume":"5","author":"Gorin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.04.030","article-title":"Enhanced proangiogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes stimulated by a nitric oxide releasing polymer","volume":"133","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"3472","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide preconditioning enhances the therapeutic efficacy of Wharton\u2019s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b17-00524","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine Protects Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis through PI3K\/Akt and ERK1\/2 Pathways","volume":"40","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1109","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.273.4.C1109","article-title":"Three-dimensional cell cultures: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications","volume":"273","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1939-0","article-title":"In vitro characterization of scaffold-free three-dimensional mesenchymal stem cell aggregates","volume":"358","author":"Rettinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9176357","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9176357","article-title":"Spheroid Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Cesarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2008.0253","article-title":"Pulmonary passage is a major obstacle for intravenous stem cell delivery: The pulmonary first-pass effect","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc.2008.1.1.1","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell delivery routes and fate","volume":"1","author":"Kurtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678063","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/678063","article-title":"Biodistribution of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells in a preclinical setting","volume":"2013","author":"Sensebe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3727\/096368909X474230","article-title":"Intravenous administration of 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells after stroke: In vivo imaging and biodistribution","volume":"18","author":"Detante","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9011","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S271519","article-title":"In vivo Monitoring and Assessment of Exogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Mice with Ischemic Stroke by Molecular Imaging","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3061","article-title":"Preclinical translation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells","volume":"38","author":"Elahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.06.018","article-title":"Toward tailored exosomes: The exosomal tetraspanin web contributes to target cell selection","volume":"44","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2470","article-title":"Cell surface tetraspanin Tspan8 contributes to molecular pathways of exosome-induced endothelial cell activation","volume":"70","author":"Nazarenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","article-title":"Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Seow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03454-6","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy","volume":"77","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalu, M.M., McIntyre, L., Pugliese, C., Fergusson, D., Winston, B.W., Marshall, J.C., Granton, J., Stewart, D.J., and Canadian Critical Care Trials, G. (2012). Safety of cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (SafeCell): A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047559"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12422","article-title":"Injury, inflammation and the emergence of human-specific genes","volume":"24","author":"Baird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/4\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:33:16Z","timestamp":1760362396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/4\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":229,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10040767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10040767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}