{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:26:12Z","timestamp":1788560772358,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 2688 \"Instabilities, Bifurcations andMigration in Pulsatile Flows\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 2688 \"Instabilities, Bifurcations andMigration in Pulsatile Flows\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Horizon 2020","award":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska- Curie grant agreement No 860436 \u2013 EVIDENCE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska- Curie grant agreement No 860436 \u2013 EVIDENCE"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005690","name":"Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Forchungsausschuss"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Forchungsausschuss"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005690","name":"Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open Access Publishing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Access Publishing"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Else Kr\u00f6ner Clinician Scientist Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Else Kr\u00f6ner Clinician Scientist Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hermann und Lilly Schilling-Stiftung f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband","award":["Hermann und Lilly Schilling-Stiftung f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hermann und Lilly Schilling-Stiftung f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband"]}]},{"name":"French German University (DFH \/ UFA)","award":["French German University (DFH \/ UFA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["French German University (DFH \/ UFA)"]}]},{"name":"Rostock Academy for Clinician Scientists","award":["(RACS, University of 436 Rostock, Germany)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(RACS, University of 436 Rostock, Germany)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Chorea-acanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome are the core diseases among the group of rare neurodegenerative disorders called neuroacanthocytosis syndromes (NASs). NAS patients have a variable number of irregularly spiky erythrocytes, so-called acanthocytes. Their detection is a crucial but error-prone parameter in the diagnosis of NASs, often leading to misdiagnoses. (2) Methods: We measured the standard Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of various blood samples from NAS patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, we manipulated the ESR by swapping the erythrocytes and plasma of different individuals, as well as replacing plasma with dextran. These measurements were complemented by clinical laboratory data and single-cell adhesion force measurements. Additionally, we followed theoretical modeling approaches. (3) Results: We show that the acanthocyte sedimentation rate (ASR) with a two-hour read-out is significantly prolonged in chorea-acanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome without overlap compared to the ESR of the controls. Mechanistically, through modern colloidal physics, we show that acanthocyte aggregation and plasma fibrinogen levels slow down the sedimentation. Moreover, the inverse of ASR correlates with the number of acanthocytes (R2=0.61, p=0.004). (4) Conclusions: The ASR\/ESR is a clear, robust and easily obtainable diagnostic marker. Independently of NASs, we also regard this study as a hallmark of the physical view of erythrocyte sedimentation by describing anticoagulated blood in stasis as a percolating gel, allowing the application of colloidal physics theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T04:13:51Z","timestamp":1617336831000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Acanthocyte Sedimentation Rate as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes: Experimental Evidence and Physical Justification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Darras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Peikert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neurodegeneration Section \u201cAlbrecht-Kossel\u201d, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"},{"name":"Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Yaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR 5588, 38402 Saint Martin d\u2019H\u00e8res, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Simionato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5016-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-4579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Dasanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semen","family":"Buvalyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Geisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7364-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neurodegeneration Section \u201cAlbrecht-Kossel\u201d, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock\/Greifswald, 18051 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Fedosov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8857-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Danek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 81366 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"},{"name":"Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Kaestner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"},{"name":"Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Ardinger, H.H., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J., Stephens, K., and Amemiya, A. 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