{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:56:41Z","timestamp":1782147401500,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czech Science Foundation","award":["15-09231S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-09231S"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic","award":["EF16_027\/0007990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF16_027\/0007990"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increase in temperature can have a profound effect on the cell cycle and cell division in green algae, whereas growth and the synthesis of energy storage compounds are less influenced. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, laboratory experiments have shown that exposure to a supraoptimal temperature (39 \u00b0C) causes a complete block of nuclear and cellular division accompanied by an increased accumulation of starch. In this work we explore the potential of supraoptimal temperature as a method to promote starch production in C. reinhardtii in a pilot-scale photobioreactor. The method was successfully applied and resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in the starch content of C. reinhardtii dry matter. Moreover, a maximum starch content at the supraoptimal temperature was reached within 1\u20132 days, compared with 5 days for the control culture at the optimal temperature (30 \u00b0C). Therefore, supraoptimal temperature treatment promotes rapid starch accumulation and suggests a viable alternative to other starch-inducing methods, such as nutrient depletion. Nevertheless, technical challenges, such as bioreactor design and light availability within the culture, still need to be dealt with.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1619904939000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Starch Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through Supraoptimal Temperature in a Pilot-Scale Photobioreactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ivan N.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 T\u0159ebo\u0148, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 1760, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vil\u00e9m","family":"Zachleder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 T\u0159ebo\u0148, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0552-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milada","family":"V\u00edtov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 T\u0159ebo\u0148, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering Group, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University &amp; Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1997-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Bi\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 T\u0159ebo\u0148, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-011-1427-7","article-title":"Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Duration of its cell cycle and phases at growth rates affected by temperature","volume":"234","author":"Kawano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-010-1282-y","article-title":"Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Duration of its cell cycle and phases at growth rates affected by light intensity","volume":"233","author":"Kawano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-013-9310-6","article-title":"Temperature effect on microalgae: A crucial factor for outdoor production","volume":"12","author":"Ras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.05.024","article-title":"Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: A review","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery391","article-title":"Effects of cyclin-dependent kinase activity on the coordination of growth and the cell cycle in green algae at different temperatures","volume":"70","author":"Zachleder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zachleder, V., Ivanov, I., V\u00edtov\u00e1, M., and Bi\u0161ov\u00e1, K. (2019). Cell cycle arrest by supraoptimal temperature in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101237"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"210","article-title":"Physiological characteristics of Chlorella sp. K under conditions of high extremal temperatures II. Changes in biosynthesis, ultrastructure and activity of photosynthetic apparatus of Chlorella at uncoupling cellular functions at extreme temperature","volume":"16","author":"Semenenko","year":"1969","journal-title":"Russian J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"612","article-title":"Physiological characteristics of Chlorella sp. K under conditions of high extremal temperatures I. Uncoupling effect of extreme temperatures on the cellular functions of Chlorella","volume":"14","author":"Semenenko","year":"1967","journal-title":"Russian J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"70","article-title":"The nature of temperature block in the sequence of reproductive processes in Chlorella vulgaris BEIJERINCK","volume":"14","author":"Zachleder","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Hydrobiol. Algol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Romero, I., Kong, F., Legeret, B., Beisson, F., Peltier, G., and Li-Beisson, Y. (2019). Chlamydomonas cell cycle mutant crcdc5 over-accumulates starch and oil. Biochimie.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.09.017"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2012.01154.x","article-title":"Neutral lipid and carbohydrate productivities as a response to nitrogen status in Isochrysis sp. (T-iso; Haptophyceae): Starvation vs. limitation","volume":"48","author":"Lacour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physiology of starch storage in the monocellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"66","author":"Ball","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlacot, A., Peltier, G., and Li-Beisson, Y. (2019). Subcellular energetics and carbon storage in Chlamydomonas. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101154"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15117","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15117","article-title":"Ca2+-regulated cyclic electron flow supplies ATP for nitrogen starvation-induced lipid biosynthesis in green alga","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4791","article-title":"Chlororespiration: An adaptation to nitrogen deficiency in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"88","author":"Peltier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salome, P.A., and Merchant, S.S. (2019). A series of fortunate events: Introducing Chlamydomonas as a reference organism. Plant Cell.","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00952"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39223","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39233","article-title":"From molecular manipulation of domesticated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to survival in nature","volume":"7","author":"Sasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.11.016","article-title":"Nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A review","volume":"181","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00858","article-title":"The mechanism of starch over-accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii high-starch mutants identified by comparative transcriptome analysis","volume":"8","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0932-2","article-title":"Autotrophic starch production by Chlamydomonas species","volume":"29","author":"Gifuni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0469-2","article-title":"Hyper-accumulation of starch and oil in a Chlamydomonas mutant affected in a plant-specific DYRK kinase","volume":"9","author":"Chochois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.12.057","article-title":"Microalgae starch-based bioplastics: Screening of ten strains and plasticization of unfractionated microalgae by extrusion","volume":"208","author":"Mathiot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.46.1.83","article-title":"Mitotic replication of deoxyribonucleic acid in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"46","author":"Sueoka","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60147a030","article-title":"Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.06.096","article-title":"Relationship between starch and lipid accumulation induced by nutrient depletion and replenishment in the microalga Parachlorella kessleri","volume":"144","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-11-7","article-title":"Oil accumulation in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Characterization, variability between common laboratory strains and relationship with starch reserves","volume":"11","author":"Siaut","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107650","article-title":"Current and novel approaches to downstream processing of microalgae: A review","volume":"45","author":"Nitsos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.07.014","article-title":"New ultra-flat photobioreactor for intensive microalgal production: The effect of light irradiance","volume":"34","author":"Gifuni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-3047-8","article-title":"Light requirements in microalgal photobioreactors: An overview of biophotonic aspects","volume":"89","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2011.08.012","article-title":"Effect of algae pigmentation on photobioreactor productivity and scale-up: A light transfer perspective","volume":"112","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02056-w","article-title":"Linking lipid accumulation and photosynthetic efficiency in Nannochloropsis sp. under nutrient limitation and replenishment","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.03.020","article-title":"Design of photobioreactors for mass cultivation of photosynthetic organisms","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/5\/1084\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:33Z","timestamp":1760162193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/5\/1084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10051084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10051084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}}}