{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:23:18Z","timestamp":1791663798430,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2009\/50772-4; 2012\/07231-5; 2014\/20209-4 and 2021\/07232-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009\/50772-4; 2012\/07231-5; 2014\/20209-4 and 2021\/07232-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent pain is a prevalent symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), which is related to the loss of monoamines and neuroinflammation. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) inhibits persistent pain by activating the descending analgesic pathways; however, its effectiveness in the control of PD-induced pain remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the analgesic efficacy of MCS together with serotonergic and spinal glial modulation in an experimental PD (ePD) rat model. Wistar rats with unilateral striatal 6-OHDA and MCS were assessed for behavioral immobility and nociceptive responses. The immunoreactivity of dopamine in the substantia nigra and serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial activation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were evaluated. MCS, without interfering with dopamine loss, reversed ePD-induced immobility and hypernociception. This response was accompanied by an exacerbated increase in serotonin in the NRM and a decrease in neuronal and astrocytic hyperactivation in the spinal cord, without inhibiting ePD-induced microglial hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Taken together, MCS induces analgesia in the ePD model, while restores the descending serotonergic pathway with consequent inhibition of spinal neurons and astrocytes, showing the role of MCS in PD-induced pain control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T04:05:32Z","timestamp":1620705932000},"page":"1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Motor Cortex Stimulation Reversed Hypernociception, Increased Serotonin in Raphe Neurons, and Caused Inhibition of Spinal Astrocytes in a Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana Carolina P.","family":"Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miri\u00e3 B.","family":"Berzu\u00edno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela R.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena M. R. C.","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle V.","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich T.","family":"Fonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 012469-03, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5351-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosana L.","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Biochemical Pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"45","author":"Hornykiewicz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. 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