{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:36:44Z","timestamp":1790833004498,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been critical problems in the non-surgical treatment for bladder cancer, especially residence to intravesical pharmacotherapy, including BCG immunotherapy, cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence has suggested a vital role of sex steroid hormone-mediated signaling in the progression of urothelial cancer. Moreover, activation of the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor pathways has been implicated in modulating sensitivity to conventional non-surgical therapy for bladder cancer. This may indicate the possibility of anti-androgenic and anti-estrogenic drugs, apart from their direct anti-tumor activity, to function as sensitizers of such conventional treatment. This article summarizes available data suggesting the involvement of sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-\u03b1, and estrogen receptor-\u03b2, in the progression of urothelial cancer, focusing on their modulation for the efficacy of conventional therapy, and discusses their potential of overcoming therapeutic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T10:20:36Z","timestamp":1620728436000},"page":"1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sex Hormone Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer: A Potential Target for Enhancing the Efficacy of Conventional Non-Surgical Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Ide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7610-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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