{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T01:03:31Z","timestamp":1786755811443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After the introduction of antiretroviral treatment (ART) back in 1996, the lifespan of people living with HIV (PLWH) has been substantially increased, while the major causes of morbidity and mortality have switched from opportunistic infections and AIDS-related neoplasms to cardiovascular and liver diseases. HIV itself may lead to liver damage and subsequent liver fibrosis (LF) through multiple pathways. Apart from HIV, viral hepatitis, alcoholic and especially non-alcoholic liver diseases have been implicated in liver involvement among PLWH. Another well known cause of hepatotoxicity is ART, raising clinically significant concerns about LF in long-term treatment. In this review we present the existing data and analyze the association of LF with all ART drug classes. Published data derived from many studies are to some extent controversial and therefore remain inconclusive. Among all the antiretroviral drugs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, especially didanosine and zidovudine, seem to carry the greatest risk for LF, with integrase strand transfer inhibitors and entry inhibitors having minimal risk. Surprisingly, even though protease inhibitors often lead to insulin resistance, they do not seem to be associated with a significant risk of LF. In conclusion, most ART drugs are safe in long-term treatment and seldom lead to severe LF when no liver-related co-morbidities exist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T23:17:16Z","timestamp":1621207036000},"page":"1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Liver Fibrosis during Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Individuals. Truth or Tale?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Athanasios-Dimitrios","family":"Bakasis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Androutsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2021, March 30). Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u20142020 Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (2008). Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: A collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet, 372, 293\u2013299.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61113-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (2010). Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: Collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin. Infect. Dis., 50, 1387\u20131396.","DOI":"10.1086\/652283"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62001-6","article-title":"Increasing burden of liver disease in patients with HIV infection","volume":"377","author":"Joshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60604-8","article-title":"Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): A multicohort collaboration","volume":"384","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19711","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19711","article-title":"Overall and cause-specific mortality in HIV-positive subjects compared to the general population","volume":"17","author":"Alejos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Aids Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.010","article-title":"All-cause and liver-related mortality in HIV positive subjects compared to the general population: Differences by HCV co-infection","volume":"57","author":"Hernando","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.15.1632","article-title":"Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: The D:A:D study","volume":"166","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyawo, O., Franco-Villalobos, C., Hull, M.W., Nohpal, A., Samji, H., Sereda, P., Lima, V.D., Shoveller, J., Moore, D., and Montaner, J.S. (2017). Changes in mortality rates and causes of death in a population-based cohort of persons living with and without HIV from 1996 to 2012. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2254-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(16)30020-2","article-title":"Mortality and causes of death in people diagnosed with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population: An analysis of a national observational cohort","volume":"2","author":"Croxford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000603","article-title":"Injection Drug Use and Hepatitis C as Risk Factors for Mortality in HIV-Infected Individuals: The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration","volume":"69","author":"May","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu261","article-title":"Impact of risk factors for specific causes of death in the first and subsequent years of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients","volume":"59","author":"Ingle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13348","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of patients infected with HIV through use of injected drugs compared to patients infected through sexual transmission: Late presentation, delayed anti-retroviral treatment and higher mortality","volume":"111","author":"Dalmau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0143","article-title":"Mortality of People Living with HIV in Paris Area from 2011 to 2015","volume":"36","author":"Sellier","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"25","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of liver disease in HIV patients","volume":"15","author":"Soriano","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa483","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa483","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated With Liver Fibrosis Among Adult HIV-Infected Patients Attending Urban and Rural Care Clinics in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Wekesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002161","article-title":"A gathering storm: HIV infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in low and middle-income countries","volume":"33","author":"Kapoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001942","article-title":"Etiology and Severity of Liver Disease in HIV-Positive Patients With Suspected NAFLD: Lessons From a Cohort With Available Liver Biopsies","volume":"80","author":"Roccarina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"35","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV Infection","volume":"19","author":"Pineda","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-017-0351-2","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) in HIV","volume":"14","author":"Rockstroh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1614913","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis in people living with HIV","volume":"13","author":"Squillace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hepatobiliary manifestations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Cappell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.09.025","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with liver test abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons","volume":"8","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1599284","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in HIV infection: A metabolic approach of an infectious disease","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anadol, E., Lust, K., Boesecke, C., Schwarze-Zander, C., Mohr, R., Wasmuth, J.C., Rockstroh, J.K., and Trebicka, J. (2018). Exposure to previous cART is associated with significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191118"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androutsakos, T., Schina, M., Pouliakis, A., Kontos, A., Sipsas, N., and Hatzis, G. (2020). Causative factors of liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients. A single center study. BMC Gastroenterol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01230-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2016.0010","article-title":"Interaction Between Alcohol Consumption Patterns, Antiretroviral Therapy Type, and Liver Fibrosis in Persons Living with HIV","volume":"30","author":"Bilal","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01261.x","article-title":"Risk factors for advanced liver fibrosis in HIV-infected individuals: Role of antiretroviral drugs and insulin resistance","volume":"18","author":"Blanco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00903.x","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: Prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome","volume":"15","author":"Castellares","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30296","article-title":"Benefit of Early versus Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy on Progression of Liver Fibrosis among People with HIV in the START Randomized Trial","volume":"69","author":"Dharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12658","article-title":"More improvement than progression of liver fibrosis following antiretroviral therapy in a longitudinal cohort of HIV-infected patients with or without HBV and HCV co-infections","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12159","article-title":"Non-invasive fibrosis biomarkers\u2014APRI and Forns\u2014Are associated with liver stiffness in HIV-monoinfected patients receiving antiretroviral drugs","volume":"33","author":"Hasson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00604","article-title":"HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: A cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Kirk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maponga, T.G., Andersson, M.I., van Rensburg, C.J., Arends, J.E., Taljaard, J., Preiser, W., and Glashoff, R.H. (2018). HBV and HIV viral load but not microbial translocation or immune activation are associated with liver fibrosis among patients in South Africa. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3115-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01229.x","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with significant liver fibrosis assessed by transient elastometry in HIV\/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients","volume":"17","author":"Pineda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11489-2","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of liver disease in HIV-infected children and adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Popielska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermehren, J., Vermehren, A., Mueller, A., Carlebach, A., Lutz, T., Gute, P., Knecht, G., Sarrazin, C., Friedrich-Rust, M., and Forestier, N. (2012). Assessment of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors in HIV-infected individuals using transient elastography and serum biomarkers. BMC Gastroenterol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-27"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz089","article-title":"Associations of Liver Disease with Alcohol Use among People Living with HIV and the Role of Hepatitis C: The New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV Study","volume":"55","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21424","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21424","article-title":"Alcohol use, viral hepatitis and liver fibrosis among HIV-positive persons in West Africa: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Jaquet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12433","article-title":"Effect of alcohol consumption on all-cause and liver-related mortality among HIV-infected individuals","volume":"18","author":"Canan","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25201","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25201","article-title":"Predictive factors associated with liver fibrosis and steatosis by transient elastography in patients with HIV mono-infection under long-term combined antiretroviral therapy","volume":"21","author":"Perazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saracino, A., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Shanyinde, M., Ceccherini Silberstein, F., Nozza, S., Di Biagio, A., Cassola, G., Bruno, G., Capobianchi, M., and Puoti, M. (2018). HIV-1 co-receptor tropism and liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190302"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2127","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002127","article-title":"Liver Fibrosis in HIV Patients Receiving a Modern cART: Which Factors Play a Role?","volume":"94","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"771","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Significant Liver Fibrosis in Patients with HIV Infection","volume":"29","author":"Maggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkegaard-Klitbo, D.M., Bendtsen, F., Lundgren, J., de Knegt, R.J., Kofoed, K.F., Nielsen, S.D., and Benfield, T. (2020). Increased prevalence of liver fibrosis in people living with HIV without viral hepatitis compared to population controls. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa763"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DallaPiazza, M., Amorosa, V.K., Localio, R., Kostman, J.R., and Lo Re, V. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for significant liver fibrosis among HIV-monoinfected patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-116"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudjaritruk, T., Bunupuradah, T., Aurpibul, L., Kosalaraksa, P., Kurniati, N., Sophonphan, J., Trinavarat, P., Visrutaratna, P., Srinakarin, J., and Chaijitraruch, N. (2019). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic fibrosis among perinatally HIV-monoinfected Asian adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226375"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-157","article-title":"Low-level HIV infection of hepatocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000293","article-title":"Tissue reservoirs of HIV","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i42.4728","article-title":"Liver as a target of human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"24","author":"Ganesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/13.8.1021","article-title":"Human CC chemokine liver-expressed chemokine\/CCL16 is a functional ligand for CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5, and constitutively expressed by hepatocytes","volume":"13","author":"Nomiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1086\/379738","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-induced apoptosis of human hepatocytes via CXCR4","volume":"188","author":"Vlahakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.005","article-title":"HIV increases HCV replication in a TGF-beta1-dependent manner","volume":"134","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, D., Rani, M., Khan, N., and Jameel, S. (2014). HIV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells modulate the fibrogenic activity of hepatic stellate cells through secreted TGF-\u03b2 and JNK signaling. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091569"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.163287","article-title":"gp120 modulates the biology of human hepatic stellate cells: A link between HIV infection and liver fibrogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Bruno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23679","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects human hepatic stellate cells and promotes collagen I and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: Implications for the pathogenesis of HIV\/hepatitis C virus-induced liver fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"Tuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26226","article-title":"Mitochondrial adaptations and dysfunctions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"58","author":"Begriche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4A1018-381R","article-title":"HIV infection modulates IL-1\u03b2 response to LPS stimulation through a TLR4-NLRP3 pathway in human liver macrophages","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.022","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-related microbial translocation and progression of hepatitis C","volume":"135","author":"Balagopal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.1","article-title":"HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system","volume":"1","author":"Brenchley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1086\/380130","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of severe liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: A European collaborative study","volume":"38","author":"Benhamou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200411050-00008","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral treatment on progression of hepatic fibrosis in HIV\/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients","volume":"18","author":"Pradier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300409","article-title":"Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group","volume":"30","author":"Benhamou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2004.20.1293","article-title":"Advanced liver fibrosis in HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"20","author":"Fuster","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq199","article-title":"HIV mono-infection is associated with FIB-4\u2014A noninvasive index of liver fibrosis\u2014In women","volume":"52","author":"Blackard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001119","article-title":"Liver fibrosis in HIV-infected individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy: Associated with immune activation, immunodeficiency and prior use of didanosine","volume":"30","author":"Kooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2017.01071","article-title":"Liver fibrosis after antiretroviral therapy in a longitudinal cohort of sexually infected HIV patients in eastern China","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283455e4b","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment interruption leads to progression of liver fibrosis in HIV-hepatitis C virus co-infection","volume":"25","author":"Thorpe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00413.x","article-title":"Time on antiretroviral therapy is a protective factor for liver fibrosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients","volume":"10","author":"Tural","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.08.006","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy-related hepatotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus co-infected patients with advanced liver fibrosis in Taiwan","volume":"49","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.09.014","article-title":"Nucleoside and nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors: 25 years after zidovudine","volume":"85","author":"Cihlar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0325-8","article-title":"A review of the toxicity of HIV medications","volume":"10","author":"Margolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12049","article-title":"Risk factors and outcome of HIV-associated idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Schouten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010396","article-title":"Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"22","author":"Scourfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07148.x","article-title":"Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV mono-infected patients","volume":"27","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2011\/554","article-title":"Didanosine Exposure and Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension in a HIV Clinic in North America: A Follow-up Study","volume":"1","author":"Cachay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1086\/603559","article-title":"Association of noncirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV-infected persons and antiretroviral therapy with didanosine: A nested case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Kovari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313503519","article-title":"HIV Treatment and Associated Mitochondrial Pathology: Review of 25 Years of in Vitro, Animal, and Human Studies","volume":"42","author":"Gardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"516","article-title":"Effect of stavudine on mitochondrial genome and fatty acid oxidation in lean and obese mice","volume":"297","author":"Gaou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.4.973","article-title":"Massive hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS who was receiving zidovudine","volume":"21","author":"Olano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199303000-00012","article-title":"Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients","volume":"7","author":"Freiman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-4-283","article-title":"Fulminant hepatic failure associated with 2\u2032,3\u2032-dideoxyinosine (ddI)","volume":"115","author":"Lai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4258","article-title":"Risk of liver decompensation with cumulative use of mitochondrial toxic nucleoside analogues in HIV\/hepatitis C virus coinfection","volume":"26","author":"Zeldow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4091","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004091","article-title":"Liver fibrosis progression and clinical outcomes are intertwined: Role of CD4+ T-cell count and NRTI exposure from a large cohort of HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients with detectable HCV-RNA: A MASTER cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Fabbiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1086\/505495","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis is associated with fibrosis, nucleoside analogue use, and hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection in HIV-seropositive patients","volume":"43","author":"McGovern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001003","article-title":"Prevalence of and progression to abnormal noninvasive markers of liver disease (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and Fibrosis-4) among US HIV-infected youth","volume":"30","author":"Kapogiannis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1612","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for abnormal liver stiffness in HIV-infected patients without viral hepatitis coinfection: Role of didanosine","volume":"15","author":"Merchante","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01417.x","article-title":"Impact of HAART exposure and associated lipodystrophy on advanced liver fibrosis in HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients","volume":"18","author":"Loko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1086\/527565","article-title":"Progression of fibrosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with interferon plus ribavirin-based therapy: Analysis of risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Lapidus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21426","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21426","article-title":"Liver fibrosis regression and progression during controlled hepatitis B virus infection among HIV-HBV patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in France: A prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix122","article-title":"Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Liver Fibrosis Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults With and Without HBV Coinfection in Zambia","volume":"64","author":"Vinikoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F7","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200301030-00002","article-title":"An open-label study of tenofovir in HIV-1 and Hepatitis B virus co-infected individuals","volume":"17","author":"Nelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki396","article-title":"Impact of tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy on chronic hepatitis B in a cohort co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"56","author":"Stephan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200201","article-title":"Reversibility of cirrhosis in HIV\/HBV coinfection","volume":"12","author":"Mallet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1649","article-title":"Liver fibrosis changes in HIV-HBV-coinfected patients: Clinical, biochemical and histological effect of long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use","volume":"15","author":"Boyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ838","article-title":"Progression of Liver Fibrosis and Modern Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Regimens in HIV-Hepatitis C-Coinfected Persons","volume":"62","author":"Brunet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000163935.99401.25","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis and antiretroviral drug use among adults coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus","volume":"19","author":"Sulkowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/498348","article-title":"Emtricitabine, a new antiretroviral agent with activity against HIV and hepatitis B virus","volume":"42","author":"Saag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3387-3397.2004","article-title":"Nonnucleoside inhibitor binding affects the interactions of the fingers subdomain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase with DNA","volume":"78","author":"Peletskaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199817000-00010","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus-associated hepatitis following treatment of HIV-infected patients with HIV protease inhibitors: An immune restoration disease?","volume":"12","author":"John","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1086\/317535","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication accompanied by acute hepatitis in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"32","author":"Manegold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012220-00011","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection and the risk for hepatotoxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection","volume":"14","author":"Wit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003100-00023","article-title":"The impact of co-infection with hepatitis C virus and HIV on the tolerability of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Melvin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00311-7","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug toxicity\u2014A challenge for the hepatologist?","volume":"36","author":"Spengler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200204010-00003","article-title":"Lack of hepatotoxicity associated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"29","author":"Palmon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15997-7","article-title":"Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: A randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study","volume":"363","author":"Phanuphak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200403260-00007","article-title":"Effect of antiretroviral drugs on liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: Harmful impact of nevirapine","volume":"18","author":"Castellano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1086\/524080","article-title":"Association between exposure to nevirapine and reduced liver fibrosis progression in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection","volume":"46","author":"Berenguer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2703","article-title":"Liver fibrosis progression in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients treated with distinct antiretroviral drugs and impact of pegylated interferon\/ribavirin therapy","volume":"19","author":"Barreiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.10.016","article-title":"Hepatic safety of efavirenz in HIV\/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients with advanced liver fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Pineda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318372","article-title":"Rilpivirine attenuates liver fibrosis through selective STAT1-mediated apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"69","author":"Alegre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Merckand Co., Inc. (1999). Crixivan (Indinavir Sulfate) Package Insert, Merckand Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2001). Viracept (Nelfinavirmetylase) Package Insert, Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Glaxo Smith Kline, Inc. (2002). Agenerase (Amprenavir) Package Insert, Glaxo Smith Kline, Inc."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Abbott Laboratories (2001). Norvir (Ritonavir) Package Insert, Abbott Laboratories."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"RocheLaboratories (2002). Fortovase (Saquinavir Soft Gel) Package Insert, RocheLaboratories."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03391-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance","volume":"351","author":"Carr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623308327119","article-title":"The role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: Cellular mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"37","author":"Flint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Abbott Laboratories (2002). Kaletra TM (Lopinavir\/Ritonavir) Package Insert, Abbott Laboratories."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1305-256","article-title":"Effect of darunavir on lipid profile in HIV-infected patients","volume":"13","author":"Overton","year":"2012","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ193","article-title":"Comparison of the metabolic effects of ritonavir-boosted darunavir or atazanavir versus raltegravir, and the impact of ritonavir plasma exposure: ACTG 5257","volume":"60","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/154510970400300304","article-title":"Atazanavir--a once-daily HIV protease inhibitor that does not cause dyslipidemia in newly treated patients: Results from two randomized clinical trials","volume":"3","author":"Cahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Physicians AIDS Care (Chic)"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32826fbc54","article-title":"Effects of ritonavir and amprenavir on insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63416-2","article-title":"Severe hepatitis in patients with AIDS and haemophilia B treated with indinavir","volume":"350","author":"Matsuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62700-6","article-title":"Severe hepatitis in three AIDS patients treated with indinavir","volume":"349","author":"Leaf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981920883","article-title":"Indinavir-associated hepatitis in patients with advanced HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Vergis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-015-0073-y","article-title":"Transient Elastography for the Detection of Liver Damage in Patients with HIV","volume":"4","author":"Sagir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26517","article-title":"Factors affecting liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-and hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: Impact of protease inhibitor therapy","volume":"34","author":"Benhamou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100701","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy based on protease inhibitors as a protective factor against liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"11","author":"Mira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1629008","article-title":"Improvement in liver steatosis after the switch from a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor to raltegravir in HIV-infected patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Calza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0109","article-title":"Liver toxicity of antiretroviral combinations including fosamprenavir plus ritonavir 1400\/100\u2009mg once daily in HIV\/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients","volume":"25","author":"Merchante","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11244","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200139397","article-title":"HIV-1 integrase inhibitors that compete with the target DNA substrate define a unique strand transfer conformation for integrase","volume":"97","author":"Espeseth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S2268","article-title":"Raltegravir: First in class HIV integrase inhibitor","volume":"4","author":"Temesgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.073189","article-title":"Structural and functional analyses of the second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor dolutegravir (S\/GSK1349572)","volume":"80","author":"Hare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32666-0","article-title":"Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 48-week results: A randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study","volume":"396","author":"Overton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1909512","article-title":"Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine after Oral Induction for HIV-1 Infection","volume":"382","author":"Orkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2012). LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-019-00203-7","article-title":"Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Kolakowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00027-2","article-title":"Once-daily dolutegravir versus darunavir plus ritonavir for treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (FLAMINGO): 96 week results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3b study","volume":"2","author":"Molina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix467","article-title":"Changes in Liver Steatosis After Switching From Efavirenz to Raltegravir Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"65","author":"Mancebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30080-3","article-title":"Co-formulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: Week 96 results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"6","author":"Stellbrink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30077-3","article-title":"Bictegravir combined with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: Week 96 results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"6","author":"Wohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001525","article-title":"Brief Report: Weight Gain in Persons With HIV Switched From Efavirenz-Based to Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor-Based Regimens","volume":"76","author":"Norwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401965","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/401965","article-title":"The Continuing Evolution of HIV-1 Therapy: Identification and Development of Novel Antiretroviral Agents Targeting Viral and Cellular Targets","volume":"2012","author":"Hartman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902493","article-title":"Fostemsavir in Adults with Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection","volume":"382","author":"Kozal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800159","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800159","article-title":"HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: A Review of Experimental and Computational Studies","volume":"15","author":"Saghaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2016.02.029","article-title":"Hepatic safety of maraviroc in HIV-1-infected patients with hepatitis C and\/or B co-infection. The Maraviroc Cohort Spanish Group","volume":"35","author":"Crespo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"36","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of maraviroc administration in patients with advanced HIV disease and multiple comorbidities: Focus on efficacy and tolerability issues","volume":"23","author":"Manfredi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3116","article-title":"Hepatic safety of maraviroc in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and\/or B virus: 144-week results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Rockstroh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6224","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26485","article-title":"Effects of treatment with Maraviroc a CCR5 inhibitor on a human hepatic stellate cell line","volume":"233","author":"Coppola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001986","article-title":"The Effect of Switching to Maraviroc + Darunavir\/Ritonavir Dual Therapy in Virologically Suppressed Patients on the Progression of Liver Fibrosis: Findings From a Randomized Study","volume":"81","author":"Rossetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/5\/1212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:02:05Z","timestamp":1760162525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/5\/1212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10051212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10051212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]}}}