{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:57:05Z","timestamp":1793494625855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","award":["203.PPSK.6171255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203.PPSK.6171255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of the joint and its prevalence and severity is increasing owing to ageing of the population. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and remodeling of the underlying bone. There is little understanding of the cellular and molecular processes involved in pathophysiology of OA. Currently the treatment for OA is limited to painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, which only treat the symptoms. Some patients may also undergo surgical procedures to replace the damaged joints. Extracellular vesicles (EV) play an important role in intercellular communications and their concentration is elevated in the joints of OA patients, although their mechanism is unclear. Extracellular vesicles are naturally released by cells and they carry their origin cell information to be delivered to target cells. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly proliferative and have a great potential in cartilage regeneration. In this review, we provide an overview of the current OA treatments and their limitations. We also discuss the role of EV in OA pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EV in OA and their challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1621814285000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Potential Treatments for Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8393-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Azira","family":"Mohd Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1180-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Abdullah Nurul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1784-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Rajaei","family":"Ahmad Mohd Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Khairunnisaa","family":"Wan Nor Aduni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8320-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Azlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39692","article-title":"Rheumatology. 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