{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:13:51Z","timestamp":1790633631112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating innate immune cells and comprise the first immune defense line, as they are the most rapidly recruited cells at sites of infection or inflammation. Their main microbicidal mechanisms are degranulation, phagocytosis, cytokine secretion and the formation of extracellular traps. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a microbicidal mechanism that involves neutrophil death. Since their discovery, in vitro and in vivo neutrophils have been challenged with a range of stimuli capable of inducing or inhibiting NET formation, with the objective to understand its function and regulation in health and disease. These networks composed of DNA and granular components are capable of immobilizing and killing pathogens. They comprise enzymes such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsin G, acid hydrolases and cationic peptides, all with antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Therefore, the excessive formation of NETs can also lead to tissue damage and promote local and systemic inflammation. Based on this concept, in this review, we focus on the role of NETs in different infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucosal epithelia and skin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1623415477000},"page":"1469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["To Trap a Pathogen: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Role in Mucosal Epithelial and Skin Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6721-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunolog\u00eda y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gael Urait","family":"Varela-Trinidad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunolog\u00eda y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunolog\u00eda y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Sol\u00f3rzano-Castanedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina Elizabeth","family":"Avila-Arrezola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"I\u00f1iguez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2150-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidal","family":"Delgado-Rizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Fafutis-Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunolog\u00eda y Dermatolog\u00eda (CIINDE), Calz del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.80","article-title":"The multifactorial role of neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Fagocitosis: Mecanismos y consecuencias Primera parte","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioquimia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00448","article-title":"Granule protein processing and regulated secretion in neutrophils","volume":"5","author":"Sheshachalam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1212619","article-title":"Proteome profiling of human neutrophil granule subsets, secretory vesicles, and cell membrane: Correlation with transcriptome profiling of neutrophil precursors","volume":"94","author":"Heegaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008606","article-title":"Ficolin-1 is present in a highly mobilizable subset of human neutrophil granules and associates with the cell surface after stimulation with fMLP","volume":"86","author":"Honore","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"365","article-title":"Estallido Respiratorio De Los Fagocitos","volume":"71","author":"Angosto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Real Acad. Nac. Farm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-2-3-98","article-title":"Mechanisms of degranulation in neutrophils","volume":"2","author":"Lacy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.10","article-title":"Neutrophils as protagonists and targets in chronic inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.09.014","article-title":"Phagocytosis by neutrophils","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.59.2.229","article-title":"Rapid killing of human neutrophils by the potent activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) accompanied by changes different from typical apoptosis or necrosis","volume":"59","author":"Takei","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"81","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and its implications in inflammation: An overview","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alasmari, S.Z. (2020). In Vivo Imaging of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs): Visualization Methods and Outcomes. BioMed Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4192745"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0261-x","article-title":"To NET or not to NET: Current opinions and state of the science regarding the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"26","author":"Boeltz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.496","article-title":"Activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is required for neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"7","author":"Hakkim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"677","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"191","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","article-title":"Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"176","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K., Giaglis, S., Hasler, P., and Hahn, S. (2014). Efficient neutrophil extracellular trap induction requires mobilization of both intracellular and extracellular calcium pools and is modulated by cyclosporine A. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097088"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100239","article-title":"PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.04.022","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with disease severity and microbiota diversity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"141","author":"Dicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12025","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps as a new paradigm in innate immunity: Friend or foe?","volume":"63","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"5055","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in COPD: A potential novel mechanism for host damage in acute exacerbations","volume":"46","author":"Pullan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12783","article-title":"NETosis-associated serum biomarkers are reduced in type 1 diabetes in association with neutrophil count","volume":"184","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3887","article-title":"Diabetes primes neutrophils to undergo NETosis, which impairs wound healing","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0850-0","article-title":"Predictors of neutrophil extracellular traps markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Associations with a prothrombotic state and hypofibrinolysis","volume":"18","author":"Bryk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-416156","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity","volume":"120","author":"Sangaletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3","article-title":"Trampas extracelulares de neutr\u00f3filos: Una novedosa estrategia antiinfecciosa empleando mol\u00e9culas antimicrobianas largamente conocidas","volume":"12","author":"Gabelloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quim. Viva"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24437","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24437","article-title":"Diverse stimuli engage different neutrophil extracellular trap pathways","volume":"6","author":"Kenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0172-4","article-title":"Macrophages in intestinal inflammation and resolution: A potential therapeutic target in IBD","volume":"16","author":"Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60750-8","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Cause and immunobiology","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0306-4","article-title":"Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Franzosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmclc.2019.06.004","article-title":"Etiolog\u00eda y fisiopatolog\u00eda de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9dica Cl\u00ednica Las Condes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S190007","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory agents released by pathogens, dying host cells, and neutrophils act synergistically to destroy host tissues: A working hypothesis","volume":"12","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.06.005","article-title":"Role of Nod2 in the development of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"3","article-title":"Una mirada actualizada a la patogenia de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Cuba. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000152","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: Ulcerative colitis in adults","volume":"114","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Longo, D.L. (2012). Harrison: Principios de Medicina Interna (18a), McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.094375","article-title":"Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"56","author":"Zeissig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00e9ra, O., Lancellotti, P., and Oury, C. (2016). The dual role of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel diseases. J. Clin. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120118"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy215","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps sustain inflammatory signals in ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"Dinallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153102","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps-associated protein peptidyl arginine deaminase 4 immunohistochemical expression in ulcerative colitis and its association with the prognostic predictors","volume":"216","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz132","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce intestinal damage and thrombotic tendency in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701643","article-title":"REDD1\/autophagy pathway is associated with neutrophil-driven IL-1\u03b2 inflammatory response in active ulcerative colitis","volume":"200","author":"Angelidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.03.002","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Clinical Translation","volume":"12","author":"Drury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Forum of International Respiratory Societies (2017). The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease, European Respiratory Society. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"C.S.G. of the International (2020). The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol., 5, 536."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"WHO (2021, April 22). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard with Vaccination Data. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation characterises stable and exacerbated COPD and correlates with airflow limitation","volume":"16","author":"Obermayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31222-9","article-title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"389","author":"Rabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-77","article-title":"Sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD: Findings from the ECLIPSE study","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.012146","article-title":"Neutrophilic infiltration within the airway smooth muscle in patients with COPD","volume":"59","author":"Baraldo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.113647","article-title":"Association of increased CCL5 and CXCL7 chemokine expression with neutrophil activation in severe stable COPD","volume":"64","author":"Caramori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.08.008","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation and extracellular DNA in sputum of stable COPD patients","volume":"109","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.05.035","article-title":"Aberrant neutrophil functions in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The neutrophil as an immunotherapeutic target","volume":"17","author":"Stockley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4359","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote differentiation and function of fibroblasts","volume":"233","author":"Chrysanthopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0520-x","article-title":"Expression of citrulline and homocitrulline residues in the lungs of non-smokers and smokers: Implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Lugli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12730","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with inflammation in chronic airway disease","volume":"21","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.004","article-title":"Asthma and allergic inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Locksley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.4089","article-title":"TH17 cells mediate steroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice","volume":"181","author":"McKinley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00311","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in pulmonary diseases: Too much of a good thing?","volume":"7","author":"Porto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.157719","article-title":"Systemic upregulation of neutrophil \u03b1-defensins and serine proteases in neutrophilic asthma","volume":"66","author":"Baines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.02.042","article-title":"Noneosinophilic asthma: A distinct clinical and pathologic phenotype","volume":"119","author":"Haldar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12859","article-title":"Neutrophil autophagy and extracellular DNA traps contribute to airway inflammation in severe asthma","volume":"47","author":"Pham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00047","article-title":"NETopathic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe asthma","volume":"10","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aao4747","article-title":"Neutrophil cytoplasts induce TH17 differentiation and skew inflammation toward neutrophilia in severe asthma","volume":"3","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.129502","article-title":"Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe","volume":"67","author":"Welte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701389","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01389-2017","article-title":"Markers of neutrophil extracellular traps predict adverse outcome in community-acquired pneumonia: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"56","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro studies on the roles of neutrophil extracellular traps during secondary pneumococcal pneumonia after primary pulmonary influenza infection","volume":"4","author":"Narasaraju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98178","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98178","article-title":"Maladaptive role of neutrophil extracellular traps in pathogen-induced lung injury","volume":"3","author":"Mallavia","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800619","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00619-2018","article-title":"NETs in pneumonia: Is just enough the right amount?","volume":"51","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.01.056","article-title":"An endonuclease allows Streptococcus pneumoniae to escape from neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"16","author":"Beiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.12.039","article-title":"DNase expression allows the pathogen group A Streptococcus to escape killing in neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"16","author":"Buchanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1159\/000319909","article-title":"Nuclease expression by Staphylococcus aureus facilitates escape from neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"2","author":"Berends","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0193PS","article-title":"Evasion of neutrophil extracellular traps by respiratory pathogens","volume":"56","author":"Storisteanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0537-x","article-title":"Host-directed therapy targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis granuloma: A review","volume":"38","author":"Kiran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323956","article-title":"Early granuloma formation after aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is regulated by neutrophils via CXCR3-signaling chemokines","volume":"33","author":"Seiler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2008.09.009","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"89","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425917732406","article-title":"In vivo induction of neutrophil extracellular traps by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a guinea pig model","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03147","article-title":"Imbalance of NET and alpha-1-antitrypsin in tuberculosis patients is related with hyper inflammation and severe lung tissue damage","volume":"9","author":"Mesquita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01468","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces low-density granulocyte generation by promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation via ROS pathway","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0485-4","article-title":"Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12658","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01542-10","article-title":"Efficient activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2","volume":"84","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, D., Gao, D., Li, Y., Zhuang, Z., Cao, P., Lou, Y., and Yang, L. (2021, April 21). An Updated Comparison of COVID-19 and Influenza. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3573503.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3573503"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa410","article-title":"Comparative replication and immune activation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in human lungs: An ex vivo study with implications for the pathogenesis of COVID-19","volume":"71","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., He, J., and Wu, S. (2020). The definition and risks of cytokine release syndrome-like in 11 COVID-19-infected pneumonia critically ill patients: Disease characteristics and retrospective analysis. MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa387"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100016","article-title":"Adjunct immunotherapies for the management of severely Ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"1","author":"Bonam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100078","article-title":"Systems-level immunomonitoring from acute to recovery phase of severe COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2020.100741","article-title":"Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression","volume":"77","author":"Raftery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Regul."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107034","article-title":"Continuous tracking of COVID-19 patients\u2019 immune status","volume":"89","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02374-0","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107233","article-title":"The emerging spectrum of cardiopulmonary pathology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Report of 3 autopsies from Houston, Texas, and review of autopsy findings from other United States cities","volume":"48","author":"Buja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102925","article-title":"Vascular occlusion by neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Leppkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007008","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Middleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201129","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201129","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2\u2013triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology","volume":"217","author":"Veras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00033.2020","article-title":"Harnessing Innate Immunity to Eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and Ameliorate COVID-19 Disease","volume":"52","author":"Golonka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200652","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200652","article-title":"Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"217","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.57","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the genitourinary tract","volume":"1","author":"Iijima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6180-2","article-title":"Community-onset urinary tract infections: A population-based assessment","volume":"35","author":"Laupland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.101","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection","volume":"7","author":"Nielubowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Kwon, K., Tsitrin, T., Bekele, S., Sikorski, P., Nelson, K.E., and Pieper, R. (2017). Characterization of early phase neutrophil extracellular traps in urinary tract infections. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006151"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125897","article-title":"Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and susceptibility to fluconazole in women","volume":"187","author":"Bauters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000140687.51048.73","article-title":"Vaginal yeast colonization in nonpregnant women: A longitudinal study","volume":"104","author":"Beigi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9749-1","article-title":"Candidiasis: Predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment","volume":"177","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5126","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00388-10","article-title":"Epithelial cell-derived S100 calcium-binding proteins as key mediators in the hallmark acute neutrophil response during Candida vaginitis","volume":"78","author":"Yano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00469-16","article-title":"Candida albicans pathogenesis: Fitting within the host-microbe damage response framework","volume":"84","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2939-2946.2004","article-title":"An intravaginal live Candida challenge in humans leads to new hypotheses for the immunopathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"72","author":"Fidel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00659.x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps capture and kill Candida albicans yeast and hyphal forms","volume":"8","author":"Urban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202671","article-title":"An extracellular matrix\u2013based mechanism of rapid neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to Candida albicans","volume":"190","author":"Byrd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S.-Y., Weng, C.-L., Jheng, M.-J., Kan, H.-W., Hsieh, S.-T., Liu, F.-T., and Wu-Hsieh, B.A. (2019). Candida albicans triggers NADPH oxidase-independent neutrophil extracellular traps through dectin-2. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008096"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban, C.F., Ermert, D., Schmid, M., Abu-Abed, U., Goosmann, C., Nacken, W., Brinkmann, V., Jungblut, P.R., and Zychlinsky, A. (2009). Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000639"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"WHO (2018). Report on Global Sexually Transmitted Infection Surveillance 2018, WHO."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4035-y","article-title":"Risk factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia transmission in selected health facilities in Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Dela","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi, T., Lahra, M.M., Ndowa, F., Bala, M., Dillon, J.-A.R., Ramon-Pardo, P., Eremin, S.R., Bolan, G., and Unemo, M. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action. PLoS Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002344"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2713","article-title":"A bacterial siren song: Intimate interactions between Neisseria and neutrophils","volume":"10","author":"Criss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12411","article-title":"The lipooligosaccharide-modifying enzyme LptA enhances gonococcal defence against human neutrophils","volume":"17","author":"Handing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245214","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02452-14","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae elicits extracellular traps in primary neutrophil culture while suppressing the oxidative burst","volume":"6","author":"Gunderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv031","article-title":"A thermonuclease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae enhances bacterial escape from killing by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"212","author":"Juneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02688","article-title":"The MtrCDE efflux pump contributes to survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from human neutrophils and their antimicrobial components","volume":"9","author":"Handing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00319-16","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae evades calprotectin-mediated nutritional immunity and survives neutrophil extracellular traps by production of TdfH","volume":"84","author":"Jean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"303","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: An update","volume":"138","author":"Malhotra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0182-y","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis paralyses neutrophils to evade the host innate immune response","volume":"3","author":"Rajeeve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1055-0","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis: A review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues","volume":"15","author":"Kissinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-26","article-title":"Recent advances in the molecular biology of the protist parasite Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"10","author":"Leitsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fac. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer, F., Ng, S.H., Brown, T.M., Boatman, G., and Johnson, P.J. (2018). Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis. PLoS Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003885"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310392421","article-title":"Cellular localization of nuclear antigen during neutrophil apoptosis: Mechanism for autoantigen exposure?","volume":"20","author":"Midgley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11237","article-title":"Increased apoptotic neutrophils and macrophages and impaired macrophage phagocytic clearance of apoptotic neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"48","author":"Ren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909927107","article-title":"Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis","volume":"107","author":"Hakkim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39296","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap mitochondrial DNA and its autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and a proof-of-concept trial of metformin","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key067","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap release is associated with antinuclear antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Westerlaken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.08.010","article-title":"Type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases","volume":"25","author":"Banchereau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.6.3296","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIa is expressed on natural IFN-\u03b1-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-\u03b1 production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG","volume":"171","author":"Magnusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23025","article-title":"Human lupus autoantibody\u2013DNA complexes activate DCs through cooperation of CD32 and TLR9","volume":"115","author":"Means","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"73ra20","article-title":"Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Caielli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73ra19","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001180","article-title":"Neutrophils activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells by releasing self-DNA\u2013peptide complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Lande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902199","article-title":"A distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils isolated from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus induces vascular damage and synthesizes type I IFNs","volume":"184","author":"Denny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000197","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4294","article-title":"An emerging role for neutrophil extracellular traps in noninfectious disease","volume":"23","author":"Jorch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202388","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap\u2013associated protein activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is enhanced in lupus macrophages","volume":"190","author":"Kahlenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"944","article-title":"Differential ubiquitination in NETs regulates macrophage responses in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"77","author":"Manna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.5.2223","article-title":"Critical role of IL-12 in dendritic cell-induced differentiation of naive B lymphocytes","volume":"161","author":"Dubois","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103414","article-title":"T lymphocyte priming by neutrophil extracellular traps links innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"188","author":"Tillack","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02158","article-title":"The Mitochondrion-lysosome axis in adaptive and innate immunity: Effect of lupus regulator peptide P140 on mitochondria autophagy and NETosis","volume":"9","author":"Bendorius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24027","article-title":"Spliceosomal peptide P140 for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of an early phase II clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum. Off. J. Am. Coll. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04426-1","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps-associated markers are elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"Jeremic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is increased in psoriasis and induces human \u03b2-defensin-2 production in epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12631","article-title":"Bimodal immune activation in psoriasis","volume":"170","author":"Christophers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100123","article-title":"Mast cells and neutrophils release IL-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis","volume":"187","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090480","article-title":"Self-RNA\u2013antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8","volume":"206","author":"Ganguly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06116","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide","volume":"449","author":"Lande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13756-4","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated RNA and LL37 enable self-amplifying inflammation in psoriasis","volume":"11","author":"Herster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103293","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor-competent DNA deposits are potent stimulators of plasmacytoid dendritic cells: Implication for psoriasis","volume":"189","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immnol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4AB1114-543R","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) on formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"98","author":"Zabieglo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00746","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote inflammatory responses in psoriasis via activating epidermal TLR4\/IL-36R crosstalk","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203430","article-title":"Tissue factor expression in neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil derived microparticles in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis may promote thromboinflammation and the thrombophilic state associated with the disease","volume":"73","author":"Kambas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711203372106","article-title":"Small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"337","author":"Jennette","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330802","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis: Introduction","volume":"33","author":"Hunder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-014-0076-6","article-title":"A practical approach to the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"15","author":"Goeser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8616-5","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of ANCA-associated small vessels vasculitis","volume":"53","author":"Marzano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008050497","article-title":"C5a receptor mediates neutrophil activation and ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis","volume":"20","author":"Schreiber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00333","article-title":"Abundant neutrophil extracellular traps in thrombus of patient with microscopic polyangiitis","volume":"3","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12589","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is associated with autophagy-related signalling in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"180","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1959","article-title":"Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"15","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.141","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 promotes early acute allograft rejection by enhancing IL-6-dependent Th17 alloreactive response","volume":"91","author":"Duan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.031","article-title":"The role of monocytes in ANCA-associated vasculitides","volume":"15","author":"Brunini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0903-z","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 potentiates antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-inducing neutrophil extracellular traps formation","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.HI0718-249RR","article-title":"Frontline Science: Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps prevent inflammation on the neutrophil-rich ocular surface","volume":"105","author":"Mahajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.07.013","article-title":"Oral mucosal immunity","volume":"116","author":"Feller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.09.011","article-title":"Updates on NET formation in health and disease","volume":"49","author":"Leppkes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.02.007","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps confine Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular biofilms and restrict brain invasion","volume":"25","author":"Thanabalasuriar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108483","article-title":"Pathobiology and treatment of viral keratitis","volume":"205","author":"Koganti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"944","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps involvement in corneal fungal infection","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02169-14","article-title":"Distinct susceptibilities of corneal Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated immunity","volume":"82","author":"Shan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04023-2","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps may have a dual role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.10.009","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus induced alterations in tear protein profile reveal pathogen-induced host response to fungal infection","volume":"152","author":"Kandhavelu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01182","article-title":"Protein deiminase 4 and CR3 regulate Aspergillus fumigatus and \u03b2-glucan-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation, but hyphal killing is dependent only on CR3","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1657464","article-title":"Glucocorticoids may exacerbate fungal keratitis by increasing fungal aggressivity and inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"45","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-04-641142","article-title":"A novel mechanism for NETosis provides antimicrobial defense at the oral mucosa","volume":"126","author":"Mohanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1443-5","article-title":"Soluble CD40L is associated with increased oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular trap release in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Perazzio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.08.010","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to vasculitis by increased release of neutrophil extracellular traps in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Safi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214335","article-title":"Critical role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Martos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Liu, T., He, J., and Liu, Y. (2020). Correspondence on \u2018Critical role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with Behcet\u2019s disease\u2019. Ann. Rheum. Dis.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219472"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590622","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.590622","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Aberrant Macrophages Activation in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/6\/1469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:14Z","timestamp":1760163194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/6\/1469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10061469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}}}