{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:43:18Z","timestamp":1787856198326,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO\u20102016\/22\/E\/NZ4\/00650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO\u20102016\/22\/E\/NZ4\/00650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies of adipose tissue biology have demonstrated that adipose tissue should be considered as both passive, energy-storing tissue and an endocrine organ because of the secretion of adipose-specific factors, called adipokines. Adiponectin is a well-described homeostatic adipokine with metabolic properties. It regulates whole-body energy status through the induction of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, making it an interesting subject of biomedical studies. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat depot that is conterminous to the vascular wall and acts on it in a paracrine manner through adipokine secretion. PVAT-derived adiponectin can act on the vascular wall through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The present review describes adiponectin\u2019s structure, receptors, and main signaling pathways. We further discuss recent studies of the extent and nature of crosstalk between PVAT-derived adiponectin and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we argue whether adiponectin and its receptors may be considered putative therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Adiponectin in Vascular Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Sowka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Dobrzyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2018","article-title":"Mechanistic Links between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue","volume":"99","author":"Saxton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041213","article-title":"Adipokines: Inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue","volume":"92","author":"Trayhurn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0331078","article-title":"Signalling role of adipose tissue: Adipokines and inflammation in obesity","volume":"33","author":"Trayhurn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0777-x","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: A double-edged sword","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26746","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.45.26746","article-title":"A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes","volume":"270","author":"Scherer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/nm788","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"8","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1609-y","article-title":"Globular adiponectin increases GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake but reduces glycogen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle cells","volume":"48","author":"Ceddia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1322","article-title":"Adiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells by sequential activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha","volume":"55","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700098200","article-title":"Adiponectin sensitizes insulin signaling by reducing p70 S6 kinase-mediated serine phosphorylation of IRS-1","volume":"282","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.01.026","article-title":"Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor","volume":"380","author":"Ouchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim Acta."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"277","article-title":"Influence of perivascular adipose tissue on rat aortic smooth muscle responsiveness","volume":"13","author":"Soltis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0024com","article-title":"Periadventitial fat releases a vascular relaxing factor","volume":"16","author":"Dubrovska","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1107","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00656.2003","article-title":"Mechanisms of ADRF release from rat aortic adventitial adipose tissue","volume":"286","author":"Dubrovska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.012","article-title":"What we talk about when we talk about fat","volume":"156","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1425","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00376.2011","article-title":"Similarity of mouse perivascular and brown adipose tissues and their resistance to diet-induced inflammation","volume":"301","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R543","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00567.2012","article-title":"Divergent phenotype of rat thoracic and abdominal perivascular adipose tissues","volume":"304","author":"Padilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303029","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue in vascular function and disease: A review of current research and animal models","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00969","article-title":"The Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Non-atherosclerotic Vascular Disease","volume":"8","author":"Horimatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311803","article-title":"Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Unveils Autoimmune Response Signatures in the Perivascular Adipose Tissue of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"39","author":"Piacentini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2014-0048","article-title":"The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vasoconstriction, arterial stiffness, and aneurysm","volume":"21","author":"Villacorta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021483","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma","volume":"120","author":"Nakano","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4217","article-title":"Chromosomal localization, expression pattern, and promoter analysis of the mouse gene encoding adipocyte-specific secretory protein Acrp30","volume":"280","author":"Das","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9073","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207198200","article-title":"Structure-function studies of the adipocyte-secreted hormone Acrp30\/adiponectin. Implications for metabolic regulation and bioactivity","volume":"278","author":"Pajvani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3282bf6ea8","article-title":"Recent advances in the measurement of adiponectin isoform distribution","volume":"10","author":"Magkos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2005","article-title":"Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice","volume":"98","author":"Fruebis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.6.1595","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"20","author":"Hotta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nm724","article-title":"Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin\/ACRP30","volume":"8","author":"Maeda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25863","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200251200","article-title":"Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation","volume":"277","author":"Kubota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100001","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000767","article-title":"Adiponectin forms a complex with atherogenic LDL and inhibits its downstream effects","volume":"62","author":"Kakino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01705","article-title":"Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects","volume":"423","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403382101","article-title":"T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30\/adiponectin","volume":"101","author":"Hug","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/42506","article-title":"A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis","volume":"387","author":"Yokomizo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00726.x","article-title":"Constitutively active mutants of the alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor: Role of highly conserved polar amino acids in receptor activation","volume":"15","author":"Scheer","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.5.9141501","article-title":"G-protein-coupled receptors: Molecular mechanisms involved in receptor activation and selectivity of G-protein recognition","volume":"11","author":"Wess","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1557","article-title":"Targeted disruption of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 causes abrogation of adiponectin binding and metabolic actions","volume":"13","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08991","article-title":"Adiponectin and AdipoR1 regulate PGC-1alpha and mitochondria by Ca(2+) and AMPK\/SIRT1","volume":"464","author":"Iwabu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1432","article-title":"Opposing effects of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 on energy metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Bjursell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0708","article-title":"Deficiency of adiponectin receptor 2 reduces diet-induced insulin resistance but promotes type 2 diabetes","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306324101","article-title":"Metalloregulation of yeast membrane steroid receptor homologs","volume":"101","author":"Lyons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2007.04.003","article-title":"Probing the mechanism of FET3 repression by Izh2p overexpression","volume":"1773","author":"Kupchak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devkota, R., Svensk, E., Ruiz, M., St\u00e5hlman, M., Bor\u00e9n, J., and Pilon, M. (2017). The adiponectin receptor AdipoR2 and its Caenorhabditis elegans homolog PAQR-2 prevent membrane rigidification by exogenous saturated fatty acids. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007004"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01468-y","article-title":"Paradigm shift: The primary function of the \u201cAdiponectin Receptors\u201d is to regulate cell membrane composition","volume":"20","author":"Pilon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M092494","article-title":"AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 maintain membrane fluidity in most human cell types and independently of adiponectin","volume":"60","author":"Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.158884","article-title":"Extensive transcription mis-regulation and membrane defects in AdipoR2-deficient cells challenged with saturated fatty acids","volume":"1866","author":"Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90291-7","article-title":"T-cadherin, a novel cadherin cell adhesion molecule in the nervous system lacks the conserved cytoplasmic region","volume":"7","author":"Ranscht","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.156687","article-title":"Adiponectin protects against angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis through activation of PPAR-alpha","volume":"28","author":"Fujita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24886","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.454835","article-title":"T-cadherin is essential for adiponectin-mediated revascularization","volume":"288","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601064R","article-title":"Adiponectin association with T-cadherin protects against neointima proliferation and atherosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Fujishima","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37115-3","article-title":"Adiponectin promotes muscle regeneration through binding to T-cadherin","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1618","article-title":"Positive feedback regulation between adiponectin and T-cadherin impacts adiponectin levels in tissue and plasma of male mice","volume":"156","author":"Matsuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1321","article-title":"A genome-wide association study reveals a quantitative trait locus of adiponectin on CDH13 that predicts cardiometabolic outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21652","article-title":"CDH13 gene coding T-cadherin influences variations in plasma adiponectin levels in the Japanese population","volume":"33","author":"Morisaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0129","article-title":"Genetic variation in CDH13 is associated with lower plasma adiponectin levels but greater adiponectin sensitivity in East Asian populations","volume":"62","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99680","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99680","article-title":"Adiponectin\/T-cadherin system enhances exosome biogenesis and decreases cellular ceramides by exosomal release","volume":"3","author":"Obata","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48675","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48675","article-title":"Native adiponectin in serum binds to mammalian cells expressing T-cadherin, but not AdipoRs or calreticulin","volume":"8","author":"Kita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1404","article-title":"APPL1 binds to adiponectin receptors and mediates adiponectin signalling and function","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22426","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.028357","article-title":"Adiponectin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle cells via APPL1\/LKB1-dependent and phospholipase C\/Ca2+\/Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-dependent pathways","volume":"284","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-0082","article-title":"APPL1 mediates adiponectin-induced LKB1 cytosolic localization through the PP2A-PKCzeta signaling pathway","volume":"25","author":"Deepa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00427.2010","article-title":"APPL1 mediates adiponectin-stimulated p38 MAPK activation by scaffolding the TAK1-MKK3-p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"300","author":"Xin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.04.006","article-title":"APPL1 potentiates insulin sensitivity by facilitating the binding of IRS1\/2 to the insulin receptor","volume":"7","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31608","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.010355","article-title":"Yin-Yang regulation of adiponectin signaling by APPL isoforms in muscle cells","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07206","article-title":"The role of exercise and PGC1alpha in inflammation and chronic disease","volume":"454","author":"Handschin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.107.07113","article-title":"\u201cInside-out\u201d signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate: Therapeutic targets","volume":"60","author":"Takabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2277","article-title":"Receptor-mediated activation of ceramidase activity initiates the pleiotropic actions of adiponectin","volume":"17","author":"Holland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21714","article-title":"Structural insights into adiponectin receptors suggest ceramidase activity","volume":"544","author":"Sounier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12656","article-title":"A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesity","volume":"503","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01332-5","article-title":"An adiponectin-S1P autocrine axis protects skeletal muscle cells from palmitate-induced cell death","volume":"19","author":"Botta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.39","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Schulz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)02966-7","article-title":"Prognostic application of arterial stiffness: Task forces","volume":"15","author":"London","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.10.014","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in adiponectin deficiency and its mechanisms involved","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283163cc9","article-title":"Effects of hyperglycemia on the modulation of vascular function by perivascular adipose tissue","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207781039634","article-title":"Dual modulation of vascular function by perivascular adipose tissue and its potential correlation with adiposity\/lipoatrophy-related vascular dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328330a900","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide derived from periadventitial adipose tissue is a vasodilator","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00075.2004","article-title":"Metabolic activation of AMP kinase in vascular smooth muscle","volume":"98","author":"Rubin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.05.025","article-title":"Adiponectin is a novel humoral vasodilator","volume":"75","author":"Dubrovska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821181","article-title":"Local inflammation and hypoxia abolish the protective anticontractile properties of perivascular fat in obese patients","volume":"119","author":"Greenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1603","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue control of insulin-induced vasoreactivity in muscle is impaired in db\/db mice","volume":"62","author":"Meijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13633","article-title":"Deletion of AMPK\u03b11 attenuates the anticontractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and reduces adiponectin release","volume":"174","author":"Almabrouk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H786","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00697.2012","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue-derived adiponectin activates BK(Ca) channels to induce anticontractile responses","volume":"304","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Li, R., Lau, W.B., Zhao, J., Lopez, B., Christopher, T.A., Ma, X.L., and Wang, Y. (2016). Adiponectin at Physiologically Relevant Concentrations Enhances the Vasorelaxative Effect of Acetylcholine via Cav-1\/AdipoR-1 Signaling. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152247"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13337","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13337","article-title":"Lack of direct effect of adiponectin on vascular smooth muscle cell BKCa channels or Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of small artery pressure-induced constriction","volume":"5","author":"Baylie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.09.026","article-title":"Reduced anti-contractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue on mesenteric small arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats: Role of Kv7 channels","volume":"698","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.310777","article-title":"Role of Sympathetic Nerves and Adipocyte Catecholamine Uptake in the Vasorelaxant Function of Perivascular Adipose Tissue","volume":"38","author":"Saxton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14433","article-title":"\u03b23 -Adrenoceptor stimulation of perivascular adipocytes leads to increased fat cell-derived NO and vascular relaxation in small arteries","volume":"175","author":"Bussey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.027","article-title":"Effects of bariatric surgery on human small artery function: Evidence for reduction in perivascular adipocyte inflammation, and the restoration of normal anticontractile activity despite persistent obesity","volume":"62","author":"Aghamohammadzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000502689","article-title":"Perivascular Adipose Tissue Contributes to the Modulation of Vascular Tone in vivo","volume":"56","author":"Saxton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger-Genge, A., Blocki, A., Franke, R.P., and Jung, F. (2019). Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184411"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307878200","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"278","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310389200","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates angiogenesis by promoting cross-talk between AMP-activated protein kinase and Akt signaling in endothelial cells","volume":"279","author":"Ouchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1580","article-title":"Adiponectin-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide production are mediated by APPL1 in endothelial cells","volume":"56","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2009.01.035","article-title":"A guide and guard: The many faces of T-cadherin","volume":"21","author":"Philippova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2016.08.007","article-title":"Infliximab therapy restores adiponectin expression in perivascular adipose tissue and improves endothelial nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in mice with type 1 diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Nacci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.305205","article-title":"Exercise and the cardiovascular system: Clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Lavie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.048694","article-title":"Exercise and vascular adaptation in asymptomatic humans","volume":"96","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x","article-title":"Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease","volume":"16","author":"Pedersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.02.009","article-title":"Exercise training restores eNOS activation in the perivascular adipose tissue of obese rats: Impact on vascular function","volume":"86","author":"Meziat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.042","article-title":"Endothelial function and gene expression in perivascular adipose tissue from internal mammary arteries of obese patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"30","author":"Cybularz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00229","article-title":"Protective Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin-Induced Vasodilatation of Hypercholesterolemic LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice","volume":"9","author":"Baltieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277936","article-title":"Gestational intermittent hypoxia induces endothelial dysfunction, reduces perivascular adiponectin and causes epigenetic changes in adult male offspring","volume":"597","author":"Badran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00051","article-title":"High Fat Diet Attenuates the Anticontractile Activity of Aortic PVAT via a Mechanism Involving AMPK and Reduced Adiponectin Secretion","volume":"9","author":"Almabrouk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.62","article-title":"Loss of anti-contractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue in offspring of obese rats","volume":"40","author":"Zaborska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1085","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00197.2018","article-title":"Maternal separation enhances anticontractile perivascular adipose tissue function in male rats on a high-fat diet","volume":"315","author":"Loria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komura, N., Maeda, N., Mori, T., Kihara, S., Nakatsuji, H., Hirata, A., Tochino, Y., Funahashi, T., and Shimomura, I. (2013). Adiponectin protein exists in aortic endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071271"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6225","article-title":"Methotrexate improves perivascular adipose tissue\/endothelial dysfunction via activation of AMPK\/eNOS pathway","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00328A","article-title":"Calycosin directly improves perivascular adipose tissue dysfunction by upregulating the adiponectin\/AMPK\/eNOS pathway in obese mice","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32835bcdff","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: Review of recent findings","volume":"24","author":"Naidoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.028894","article-title":"Dietary flavonoid intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women","volume":"95","author":"Wedick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122408","article-title":"High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women","volume":"127","author":"Cassidy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E975","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00699.2013","article-title":"Anthocyanin increases adiponectin secretion and protects against diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction","volume":"306","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.157701","article-title":"Supplementation with cyanidin-3-O-\u03b2-glucoside protects against hypercholesterolemia-mediated endothelial dysfunction and attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.06.003","article-title":"Adipose tissue angiogenesis: Impact on obesity and type-2 diabetes","volume":"1842","author":"Corvera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0832","article-title":"Adipose tissue overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"61","author":"Elias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200447109","article-title":"Dichotomous effects of VEGF-A on adipose tissue dysfunction","volume":"109","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.03.010","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue derived VEGF-A modulates cold tolerance and energy expenditure","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.010","article-title":"Adipose vascular endothelial growth factor regulates metabolic homeostasis through angiogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71643","article-title":"Vascular rarefaction mediates whitening of brown fat in obesity","volume":"124","author":"Shimizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00687","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Deficiency in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Impairs Macrovascular Function","volume":"10","author":"Gharakhanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10146","article-title":"Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis","volume":"473","author":"Libby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000042707.50032.19","article-title":"Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"106","author":"Okamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.145","article-title":"Adiponectin induces the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA in human leukocytes","volume":"323","author":"Wolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6153","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.088708","article-title":"Adiponectin promotes macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype","volume":"285","author":"Ohashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.8.1057","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"103","author":"Ouchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.011","article-title":"Adiponectin reduces lipid accumulation in macrophage foam cells","volume":"202","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.014","article-title":"Adiponectin-AdipoR1\/2-APPL1 signaling axis suppresses human foam cell formation: Differential ability of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 to regulate inflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"221","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.017","article-title":"Adiponectin increases macrophages cholesterol efflux and suppresses foam cell formation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018622.84402.FF","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin acts as a platelet-derived growth factor-BB-binding protein and regulates growth factor-induced common postreceptor signal in vascular smooth muscle cell","volume":"105","author":"Arita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.25.2473","article-title":"Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: Adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin","volume":"100","author":"Ouchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.11.1296","article-title":"Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway","volume":"102","author":"Ouchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3132\/dvdr.2008.017","article-title":"Adiponectin attenuates endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidised low-density lipoproteins","volume":"5","author":"Plant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"191","article-title":"Adiponectin inhibits oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced increase in matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"11","author":"Saneipour","year":"2015","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170046","article-title":"Adiponectin Regulation and Function","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.09.023","article-title":"Autophagy and the integrated stress response","volume":"40","author":"Kroemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05519","article-title":"An activator of mTOR inhibits oxLDL-induced autophagy and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells and restricts atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E\u207b\/\u207b mice","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1182","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.146","article-title":"TRPV1 activation impedes foam cell formation by inducing autophagy in oxLDL-treated vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Wang, Z., Wang, C., Ma, Q., and Zhao, Y. (2015). Perivascular adipose tissue-derived adiponectin inhibits collar-induced carotid atherosclerosis by promoting macrophage autophagy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124031"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruzdeva, O.V., Belik, E.V., Dyleva, Y.A., Borodkina, D.A., Sinitsky, M.Y., Naumov, D.Y., Bychkova, E.E., Fanaskova, E.V., Palicheva, E.I., and Kuzmina, A.A. (2021). Expression of adipocytokines in heart fat depots depending on the degree of coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248716"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867043455747","article-title":"Retinoids and retinoid receptors in the control of energy balance: Novel pharmacological strategies in obesity and diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Villarroya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2003.12.005","article-title":"Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes","volume":"328","author":"Bastien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Pan, Y., Hu, Z., Wang, X., Han, J., Zhou, Q., Zhai, Z., and Wang, Y. (2012). All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorated high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits by inhibiting platelet activation and inflammation. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 259693.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/259693"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1154","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid inhibits type 1 diabetes by T regulatory (Treg)-dependent suppression of interferon-gamma-producing T-cells without affecting Th17 cells","volume":"58","author":"Van","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83939-x","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates atherosclerosis, promotes perivascular adipose tissue browning, and increases adiponectin production in Apo-E mice","volume":"11","author":"Kalisz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achari, A.E., and Jain, S.K. (2017). Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.667","article-title":"Modulation of circulating and adipose tissue adiponectin levels by antidiabetic therapy","volume":"52","author":"Phillips","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.3.8662","article-title":"Induction of adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kilodaltons by PPARgamma agonists: A potential mechanism of insulin sensitization","volume":"143","author":"Combs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8748","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505649200","article-title":"Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"281","author":"Kubota","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2165\/11587580-000000000-00000","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in patients with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Hernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.11.1605","article-title":"Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: A 6-month randomized placebo-controlled dose-response study. The Pioglitazone 001 Study Group","volume":"23","author":"Aronoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4","article-title":"Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, L.S., and Mantzoros, C.S. (2008). The Development of INT131 as a Selective PPARgamma Modulator: Approach to a Safer Insulin Sensitizer. PPAR Res., 936906.","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/936906"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000168046.19884.6a","article-title":"PPARgamma-activating angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers induce adiponectin","volume":"46","author":"Clasen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.10.012","article-title":"The effect of losartan and amlodipine on serum adiponectin in Japanese adults with essential hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"263","article-title":"Zataria multiflora increases insulin sensitivity and PPAR\u03b3 gene expression in high fructose fed insulin resistant rats","volume":"17","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Arbel\u00e1ez, D., Lahera, V., Oubi\u00f1a, P., Valero-Mu\u00f1oz, M., de Las Heras, N., Rodr\u00edguez, Y., Garc\u00eda, R.G., Camacho, P.A., and L\u00f3pez-Jaramillo, P. (2013). Aged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. Mediators Inflamm., 285795.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/285795"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865661","article-title":"Plasma adiponectin response to sculling exercise at individual anaerobic threshold in college level male rowers","volume":"27","author":"Hofmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1238-7","article-title":"Adiponectin is altered after maximal exercise in highly trained male rowers","volume":"93","author":"Purge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl Physiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13619","article-title":"Unravelling the adiponectin paradox: Novel roles of adiponectin in the regulation of cardiovascular disease","volume":"174","author":"Woodward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1750","article-title":"Systemic fate of the adipocyte-derived factor adiponectin","volume":"58","author":"Halberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tullin, S., Sams, A., Brandt, J., Dahl, K., Gong, W., Jeppesen, C.B., Krogh, T.N., Olsen, G.S., Liu, Y., and Pedersen, A.A. (2012). Recombinant adiponectin does not lower plasma glucose in animal models of type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044270"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.314458","article-title":"Adiponectin, Leptin and Cardiovascular Disorders","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.12.024","article-title":"High adiponectin in chronic liver disease and cholestasis suggests biliary route of adiponectin excretion in vivo","volume":"42","author":"Tacke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1387","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa075","article-title":"Higher circulating adiponectin concentrations predict incident cancer in type 2 diabetes\u2014The adiponectin paradox","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly017","article-title":"The adiponectin paradox in the elderly: Associations with body composition, physical functioning, and mortality","volume":"74","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm154","article-title":"Total and high molecular weight adiponectin, haemodynamics, and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Tsutamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.09.027","article-title":"Relations of plasma total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin to new-onset heart failure in adults \u226565 years of age (from the Cardiovascular Health study)","volume":"113","author":"Karas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017060627","article-title":"The Adiponectin Receptor Agonist AdipoRon Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in a Model of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E275","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00577.2014","article-title":"AdipoRon, the first orally active adiponectin receptor activator, attenuates postischemic myocardial apoptosis through both AMPK-mediated and AMPK-independent signalings","volume":"309","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AM J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0210-y","article-title":"Adiporon, an adiponectin receptor agonist acts as an antidepressant and metabolic regulator in a mouse model of depression","volume":"8","author":"Nicolas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85378","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19905","article-title":"Adiponectin receptor agonists inhibit leptin induced pSTAT3 and in vivo pancreatic tumor growth","volume":"8","author":"Messaggio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0851-z","article-title":"Antidiabetic adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon suppresses tumour growth of pancreatic cancer by inducing RIPK1\/ERK-dependent necroptosis","volume":"9","author":"Akimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12266","article-title":"Adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon, causes vasorelaxation predominantly via a direct smooth muscle action","volume":"23","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65108","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65108","article-title":"Adiponectin preserves metabolic fitness during aging","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S4053","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rosiglitazone in the elderly diabetic patient","volume":"5","author":"Viljoen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.2968","article-title":"The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/6\/1485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:46Z","timestamp":1760163226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/6\/1485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10061485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]}}}