{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:22:38Z","timestamp":1785428558729,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including the retina. Similar to brain microglia, retinal microglia are responsible for retinal surveillance, rapidly responding to changes in the environment by altering morphotype and function. Microglia become activated in inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). When activated by stress stimuli, retinal microglia change their morphology and activity, with either beneficial or harmful consequences. In this review, we describe characteristics of CNS microglia, including those in the retina, with a focus on their morphology, activation states and function in health, ageing, MS and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa, to highlight their activity in disease. We also discuss contradictory findings in the literature and the potential ways of reducing inconsistencies in future by using standardised methodology, e.g., automated algorithms, to enable a more comprehensive understanding of this exciting area of research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T11:00:33Z","timestamp":1623754833000},"page":"1507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Retinal and Brain Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8663-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK"},{"name":"ICORG, Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00128","article-title":"Recent Advances in the study of bipolar\/rod-shaped microglia and their roles in neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Au","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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