{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:00:53Z","timestamp":1775264453546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL146524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL146524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017784","name":"Gilead Research Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20POST35210170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20POST35210170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forced expression of core cardiogenic transcription factors can directly reprogram fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) in vitro and in vivo. This cardiac reprogramming approach provides a proof of concept for induced heart regeneration by converting a fibroblast fate to a cardiomyocyte fate. However, it remains elusive whether chamber-specific cardiomyocytes can be generated by cardiac reprogramming. Therefore, we assessed the ability of the cardiac reprogramming approach for chamber specification in vitro and in vivo. We found that in vivo cardiac reprogramming post-myocardial infarction exclusively induces a ventricular-like phenotype, while a major fraction of iCMs generated in vitro failed to determine their chamber identities. Our results suggest that in vivo cardiac reprogramming may have an inherent advantage of generating chamber-matched new cardiomyocytes as a potential heart regenerative approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:27:07Z","timestamp":1623839227000},"page":"1513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chamber-Specific Protein Expression during Direct Cardiac Reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Villalpando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Jae","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.002","article-title":"Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors","volume":"142","author":"Ieda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11139","article-title":"Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors","volume":"485","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11044","article-title":"In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes","volume":"485","author":"Qian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1234","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00402.2009","article-title":"Differential gene expressions in atrial and ventricular myocytes: Insights into the road of applying embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for future therapies","volume":"299","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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