{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:01:21Z","timestamp":1792803681597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY030123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY022086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY022086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY016665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32EY027721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EY027721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, UW-Madison","award":["Frederick A. Davis Research Chair"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Frederick A. Davis Research Chair"]}]},{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, UW-Madison","award":["Timothy William Trout Research Chair"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Timothy William Trout Research Chair"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05783y657","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The important roles of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in the process of neurodegeneration are widely acknowledged. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) appear to be a highly vulnerable neuronal cell type in the central nervous system with respect to mitochondrial dysfunction but the actual reasons for this are still incompletely understood. These cells have a unique circumstance where unmyelinated axons must bend nearly 90\u00b0 to exit the eye and then cross a translaminar pressure gradient before becoming myelinated in the optic nerve. This region, the optic nerve head, contains some of the highest density of mitochondria present in these cells. Glaucoma represents a perfect storm of events occurring at this location, with a combination of changes in the translaminar pressure gradient and reassignment of the metabolic support functions of supporting glia, which appears to apply increased metabolic stress to the RGC axons leading to a failure of axonal transport mechanisms. However, RGCs themselves are also extremely sensitive to genetic mutations, particularly in genes affecting mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial clearance. These mutations, which systemically affect the mitochondria in every cell, often lead to an optic neuropathy as the sole pathologic defect in affected patients. This review summarizes knowledge of mitochondrial structure and function, the known energy demands of neurons in general, and places these in the context of normal and pathological characteristics of mitochondria attributed to RGCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T04:46:57Z","timestamp":1624596417000},"page":"1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["The Influence of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function on Retinal Ganglion Cell Susceptibility in Optic Nerve Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Muench","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Nickells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)51289-3","article-title":"Oxidation of fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by isolated rat liver mitochondria","volume":"179","author":"Kennedy","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. 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