{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1785524410233,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI18C1837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI18C1837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A03032888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A03032888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The open carrier system (OC) is used for vitrification due to its high efficiency in preserving female fertility, but concerns remain that it bears possible risks of cross-contamination. Closed carrier systems (CC) could be an alternative to the OC to increase safety. However, the viability and developmental competence of vitrified\/warmed (VW) oocytes using the CC were significantly lower than with OC. We aimed to improve the efficiency of the CC. Metaphase II oocytes were collected from mice after superovulation and subjected to in vitro fertilization after vitrification\/warming. Increasing the cooling\/warming rate and exposure time to cryoprotectants as key parameters for the CC effectively improved the survival rate and developmental competence of VW oocytes. When all the conditions that improved the outcomes were applied to the conventional CC, hereafter named the modified vitrification\/warming procedure using CC (mVW-CC), the viability and developmental competence of VW oocytes were significantly improved as compared to those of VW oocytes in the CC. Furthermore, mVW-CC increased the spindle normality of VW oocytes, as well as the cell number of blastocysts developed from VW oocytes. Collectively, our mVW-CC optimized for mouse oocytes can be utilized for humans without concerns regarding possible cross-contamination during vitrification in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T10:06:34Z","timestamp":1625220394000},"page":"1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of Optimized Vitrification Procedures Using Closed Carrier System to Improve the Survival and Developmental Competence of Vitrified Mouse Oocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea"},{"name":"CHA Fertility Center Gangnam, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun A","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, CHA University, Seoul 04637, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2191-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjung J.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Woo","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHA Fertility Center Gangnam, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Sik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHA Fertility Center Gangnam, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, CHA University, Seoul 04637, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haengseok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). 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