{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:18:50Z","timestamp":1790435930209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["404908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The creation of a testis organoid (artificial testis tissue) with sufficient resemblance to the complex form and function of the innate testis remains challenging, especially using non-rodent donor cells. Here, we report the generation of an organoid culture system with striking biomimicry of the native immature testis tissue, including vasculature. Using piglet testis cells as starting material, we optimized conditions for the formation of cell spheroids, followed by long-term culture in an air\u2013liquid interface system. Both fresh and frozen-thawed cells were fully capable of self-reassembly into stable testis organoids consisting of tubular and interstitial compartments, with all major cell types and structural details expected in normal testis tissue. Surprisingly, our organoids also developed vascular structures; a phenomenon that has not been reported in any other culture system. In addition, germ cells do not decline over time, and Leydig cells release testosterone, hence providing a robust, tunable system for diverse basic and applied applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T02:59:47Z","timestamp":1625540387000},"page":"1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Generation of a Highly Biomimetic Organoid, Including Vasculature, Resembling the Native Immature Testis Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4958-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tat-Chuan","family":"Cham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahar","family":"Ibtisham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Fayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Honaramooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.025","article-title":"Testicular organoid generation by a novel in vitro three-layer gradient system","volume":"130","author":"Stukenborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12741","article-title":"In-vitro spermatogenesis through testis modelling: Toward the generation of testicular organoids","volume":"8","author":"Richer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab014","article-title":"Current progress, challenges, and future prospects of testis organoids\u2020","volume":"104","author":"Cham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. 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