{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:39:06Z","timestamp":1790721546625,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrins belong to a group of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which is a large group of membrane-bound proteins. They are responsible for cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signal transduction from the ECM to the cells. Integrins take part in many other biological activities, such as extravasation, cell-to-cell adhesion, migration, cytokine activation and release, and act as receptors for some viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). They play a pivotal role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tissue repair and are involved in the processes that are crucial to infection, inflammation and angiogenesis. Integrins have an important part in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and also in the development of pathological processes in the eye. This review presents the available evidence from human and animal research into integrin structure, classification, function and their role in inflammation, infection and angiogenesis in ocular diseases. Integrin receptors and ligands are clinically interesting and may be promising as new therapeutic targets in the treatment of some eye disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T02:59:47Z","timestamp":1625540387000},"page":"1703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Integrins: An Important Link between Angiogenesis, Inflammation and Eye Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Mrugacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bryl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Falkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zorena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mezu-Ndubuisi, O.J., and Maheshwari, A. (2020). The role of integrins in inflammation and angiogenesis. Pediatr. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01177-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a004994","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004994","article-title":"Integrin structure, activation, and interactions","volume":"3","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104759","article-title":"A potential role for integrins in host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"177","author":"Sigrist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarczyk, M., Stege, H., Grabbe, S., and Bros, M. (2020). \u03b22 Integrins-Multi-Functional Leukocyte Receptors in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041402"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26270","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.44.26270","article-title":"Regulationof integrin \u03b15\u03b21-fobronectin interactions by divalent cations.Evidence for distinct chesses of binding sites for Mn2+,Mg2+ and Ca2+","volume":"270","author":"Mould","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.018036","article-title":"Expression of cell adhesion molecules in oesophageal carcinoma and its prognostic value","volume":"58","author":"Nair","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30198","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701670200","article-title":"A structural hypothesis for the transition between bent and extended conformations of the leukocyte beta2 integrins","volume":"282","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06339.x","article-title":"Interaction and functional association of protein disulfide isomerase with alphaVbeta3 integrin on endothelial cells","volume":"275","author":"Swiatkowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00254","article-title":"Beta2-integrins and interacting proteins in leukocyte trafficking, immune suppression, and immunodeficiency disease","volume":"10","author":"Fagerholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200201000-00006","article-title":"Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndromes: Adhesion and tethering defects involving beta 2 integrins and selectin ligands","volume":"9","author":"Bunting","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0804460","article-title":"Targeting leukocyte integrins in human diseases","volume":"77","author":"Yonekawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.10.001","article-title":"Cell integrins:commonly used receptors for diverse viral pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2006.08.009","article-title":"The matrix reorganized: Extracellular matrix remogeling and integrin signaling","volume":"185","author":"Larsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0117-024R","article-title":"From leukocyte recruitment to resolution of inflammation: The cardinal role of integrins","volume":"102","author":"Kourtzelis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.10.007","article-title":"Regional gene expression analysis of multiple tissues in an experimental animal model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10112.x","article-title":"Fibronectin and integrins in cell adhesion, signaling and morphogenesis","volume":"857","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10048","article-title":"Platelet adhesion to polystyrene-based surfaces preadsorbed with plasmas selectively depleted in fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, or von Willebrand\u2019s factor","volume":"60","author":"Tsai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2005.08.002","article-title":"Cellular adhesion molecules as targets for bacterial infection","volume":"85","author":"Hauck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300858","article-title":"\u03b22 integrin-mediated crawling on endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 is a prerequisite for transcellular neutrophil diapedesis across the inflamed blood-brain barrier","volume":"192","author":"Gorina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.03.050","article-title":"Osteoblast-secreted WISP-1 promotes adherence of prostate cancer cells to bone via the VCAM-1\/integrin \u03b14\u03b21 system","volume":"426","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moh.0000177827.78280.79","article-title":"The lymphocyte homing receptors: Gatekeepers of the multistep paradigm","volume":"12","author":"Sackstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000019","article-title":"\u03b14\u03b21 integrin associates with VEGFR2 in (CLL) cells and contributes to VEGF binding and intracellular signaling","volume":"3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.193","article-title":"Integrins as signaling molecules and targets for tumor therapy","volume":"51","author":"Ruoslahti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90247-7","article-title":"Integrin laminin receptor profile of pulmonary squamous cell adenocarcinomas","volume":"29","author":"Patriarca","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365531","article-title":"Expression and topography of integrins and basement membrane proteins in epidermal carcinomas","volume":"101","author":"Savoiu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(00)00066-4","article-title":"Genetic analysis of integrin function in man:LAD-1 and other Syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Hogg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"157","article-title":"Epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric artresia: Novel mutations in the \u03b24 integrin gene (ITGB4)","volume":"152","author":"Pulkkinen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119474","article-title":"A homozygous mutation in the integrin \u03b16 gene in junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyrolic atresia","volume":"99","author":"Ruzzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.018","article-title":"Human corneal anatomy redefined: A novel pre-Descemet\u2019s layer (Dua\u2019s layer)","volume":"120","author":"Dua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108033","article-title":"Bowman\u2019s layer in the cornea\u2013structure and function and regeneration","volume":"195","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108138","article-title":"Integrin: Basement membrane adhesion by corneal epithelial and endothelial cells","volume":"198","author":"McKay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.07.008","article-title":"Growth factors in the anterior segment:role in tissue maintenance, wound healing and ocular pathology","volume":"79","author":"Klenkler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0562","article-title":"Neutrophil interactions with keratocytes during corneal epithelial wound healing:a role for CD18 integrins","volume":"48","author":"Petrescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.01.004","article-title":"Integrin-dependent neutrophil migration in the injured mouse cornea","volume":"120","author":"Hanlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"411","article-title":"Analysis of the keratocyte apoptosis, keratocyte proliferation, and myofibroblast transformation responses after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-014-0230-1","article-title":"The integrin needle in the stromal haystack:emerging role in corneal physiology and pathology","volume":"8","author":"Sunil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(02)00277-4","article-title":"Effect of ectopic epithelial tissue within the stroma on keratocyte apoptosis, mitosis, and myofibroblast transformation","volume":"76","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.07.001","article-title":"Corneal structure and transparency","volume":"49","author":"Meek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Ret. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200706-806OC","article-title":"Inhibition of integrin alpha(v)beta6, an activator of latent transforming growth factor-beta, prevents radiation-induced lung fibrosis","volume":"177","author":"Puthawala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.11.027","article-title":"Initiation of fibrosis in the integrin Av\u03b26 knockout mice","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21040","article-title":"Loss of \u03b16 integrins in keratinocytes leads to an increase in TGF\u03b2 and AP1 signaling and in expression of differentiation genes","volume":"212","author":"Rodius","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22764","article-title":"Mutations in Collagen, Type XVII, Alpha 1 (COL17A1) Cause Epithelial Recurrent Erosion Dystrophy (ERED)","volume":"36","author":"Jonsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mut."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7602","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14633","article-title":"TGFBIp mediates lymphatic sprouting in corneal lymphangiogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11404","article-title":"Identification of Epitopes Within Integrin \u03b24 for Binding of Auto-Antibodies in Ocular Cicatricial and Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Preliminary Report","volume":"54","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14154","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Alterations in Late-Onset Fuchs\u2019 Corneal Dystrophy","volume":"55","author":"Weller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1695","article-title":"Modulation of integrin \u03b14\u03b21","volume":"126","author":"Ecoiffier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00203","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of eosinophil adhesion and accumulation in allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"3","author":"Baiula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02019-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02019-16","article-title":"Human Adenovirus Type 37 Uses \u03b1V\u03b21 and \u03b13\u03b21 Integrins for Infection of Human Corneal Cells","volume":"91","author":"Storm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0105","article-title":"LFA-1\/ICAM-1 Interaction as a Therapeutic Target in Dry Eye Disease","volume":"33","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., and Zhang, L. (2020). Crystal structure of the 2019-nCoV spike receptor-binding domain bound with the ACE2 receptor. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.19.956235"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.06.007","article-title":"ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.05.013","article-title":"Co-expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the superficial adult human conjunctival, limbal and corneal epithelium suggests an additional route of entry via the ocular surface","volume":"19","author":"Collin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2579-8","article-title":"Beyond RGD: Virus interactions with integrins","volume":"160","author":"Hussein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116480","article-title":"Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese centers for disease control and prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Deng, C., and Chen, X. (2020). Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 534 cases of COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.12.20034678"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.06.020","article-title":"Integrins in lens development and disease","volume":"88","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680490513137","article-title":"Expression patterns of beta1-related alpha integrin subunits in murine lens during embryonic development and wound healing","volume":"29","author":"Barbour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.004","article-title":"Fibrosis in the lens. Sprouty regulation of TGF\u03b2-signaling prevents lens EMT leading to cataract","volume":"142","author":"Lovicu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, E., Shibata, T., and Singh, D.P. (2018). Roles of TGF \u03b2 and FGF Signals in the Lens: Tropomyosin Regulation for Posterior Capsule Opacity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103093"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2014.0163","article-title":"The function of matricellular proteins in the lamina cribosa and trabecular meshwork in glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0176","article-title":"The role of integrins in the trabecular meshwork","volume":"30","author":"Gagen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.05.011","article-title":"The role of integrins in glaucoma","volume":"158","author":"Filla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"76","article-title":"Induction of vitronectin and integrin alpha in the retina after optic nerve injury","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0470","article-title":"The effect of dexamethasone on integrin and laminin expression in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"6","author":"Dickerson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"3306","article-title":"Dexamethasone increases \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin expression and affinity through a calcineurin\/NFAT pathway","volume":"1833","author":"Faralli","year":"2013","journal-title":"BBA Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2011.03.005","article-title":"Overexpression of osteopontin induces angiogenesis of endothelial progenitor cells via the \u03b1v\u03b23\/PI3K\/AKT\/eNOS\/NO signaling pathway in glioma cells","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00347.2014","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in murine conventional outflow physiology","volume":"309","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"3466","article-title":"Immunolocalization of integrins in the human retina","volume":"35","author":"Brem","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1383","article-title":"Identification of primary retinol cells and ex vivo detection of proinflammatory molecules using flow cytometry","volume":"15","author":"Okenka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"642","article-title":"Enhanced expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin in the diabetic human retina and choroid","volume":"147","author":"McLeod","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-008-0040-0","article-title":"Neutrophil surface expression of CD11b and CD62L in diabetic microangiopathy","volume":"45","author":"Mastej","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1553-x","article-title":"Monocytic expression of CD14 and CD18, circulating adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers in women with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"47","author":"Fogelstrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0379-2","article-title":"Expression of CD18 on the neutrophils of patients with diabeticretinopathy","volume":"245","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"151","article-title":"The alterations of CD11A expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes\/monocytes and CD62L expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes in Graves\u2019 disease and type 1 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Kretowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rocz. Akad. Med. Bialym."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000941","article-title":"In vivo angiography quantifies oxygen-induced retinopathy vascular recovery","volume":"93","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1542736","article-title":"Intravitreal delivery of VEGF-A165-loaded PLGA microparticles reduces retinal vaso-obliteration in an in vivo mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.10.013","article-title":"Expression of pro-and anti-angiogenic isoforms of VEGF in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1314","article-title":"SB-267268, a nonpeptidic antagonist of alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrins, reduces angiogenesis and VEGF expression in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"47","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.293","article-title":"An integrin approach to axon regeneration","volume":"31","author":"Fawcett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Lond."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1150","article-title":"Expression of collagen-binding integrin receptors in the mammalian sclera and their regulation during the development of myopia","volume":"47","author":"McBrien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"54","article-title":"Expressions of type I collagen, alpha2 integrin and beta1 integrin in sclera of guinea pig with defocus myopia and inhibitory effects of bFGF on the formation of myopia","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1262045","article-title":"Expression Profile of the Integrin Receptor Subunits in the Guinea Pig Sclera","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14458","article-title":"DS-70, a novel and potent \u03b14 integrin antagonist, is an effective treatment for experimental allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs","volume":"175","author":"Dattoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.01.001","article-title":"Lifitegrast, a novel integrin antagonist for treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"14","author":"Perez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118791936","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0%: Pooled analysis of five randomized controlled trials in dry eye disease","volume":"29","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12213","article-title":"The roles of \u03b1V integrins in lens EMT and posterior capsular opacification","volume":"18","author":"Mamuya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Guerrero-Narranjo, J.L. (2017, December 12). A Safety and Efficacy Study of ALG-1001 in Human Subjects with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01749891?term=ALG-1001&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Karageozian, V. (2016, December 22). A Safety and Efficacy Study of Alg-1001 in Human Subjects with Symptomatic Focal Vitreomacular Adhesion. ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02153476?term=ALG-1001&rank=2."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Karageozian, V. (2017, January 02). Phase A 2 Randomized, Controlled, Double Masked, Multicenter Clinical Trial Designed to Evaluate the Safety and Exploratory Efficacy of Luminate\u00ae (ALG-1001) as Compared to Avastin\u00ae and Focal Laser Photocoagulation in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema. ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02348918?term=ALG-1001&rank=4."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Kuppermann, B.D. (2017, January 29). A Dual-Mechanism Drug for Vitreoretinal Diseases. Retina Today. Available online: http:\/\/retinatoday.com\/pdfs\/0715RT_Cover_Kupperman.pdf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14061","article-title":"Mitigation of oxygen-induced retinopathy in \u03b12\u03b21 integrin-deficient mice","volume":"55","author":"Madamanchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.11.004","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of a novel non-peptide \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin antagonist for pathological retinal angiogenesis in mice","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/7\/1703\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:26:30Z","timestamp":1760163990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/7\/1703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10071703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10071703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}}}