{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:28:17Z","timestamp":1790645297474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C2009294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2009294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility is a major health problem affecting about 8\u201312% of couples worldwide. Spermatogenesis starts in the early fetus and completes after puberty, passing through different stages. Male infertility can result from primary or congenital, acquired, or idiopathic causes. The absence of sperm in semen, or azoospermia, results from non-obstructive causes (pretesticular and testicular), and post-testicular obstructive causes. Several medications such as antihypertensive drugs, antidepressants, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy could lead to impaired spermatogenesis and lead to a non-obstructive azoospermia. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the basis for spermatogenesis and fertility in men. SSCs are characterized by their capacity to maintain the self-renewal process and differentiation into spermatozoa throughout the male reproductive life and transmit genetic information to the next generation. SSCs originate from gonocytes in the postnatal testis, which originate from long-lived primordial germ cells during embryonic development. The treatment of infertility in males has a poor prognosis. However, SSCs are viewed as a promising alternative for the regeneration of the impaired or damaged spermatogenesis. SSC transplantation is a promising technique for male infertility treatment and restoration of spermatogenesis in the case of degenerative diseases such as cancer, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The process involves isolation of SSCs and cryopreservation from a testicular biopsy before starting cancer treatment, followed by intra-testicular stem cell transplantation. In general, treatment for male infertility, even with SSC transplantation, still has several obstacles. The efficiency of cryopreservation, exclusion of malignant cells contamination in cancer patients, and socio-cultural attitudes remain major challenges to the wider application of SSCs as alternatives. Furthermore, there are limitations in experience and knowledge regarding cryopreservation of SSCs. However, the level of infrastructure or availability of regulatory approval to process and preserve testicular tissue makes them tangible and accurate therapy options for male infertility caused by non-obstructive azoospermia, though in their infancy, at least to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1626257622000},"page":"1779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Cellular Therapy via Spermatogonial Stem Cells for Treating Impaired Spermatogenesis, Non-Obstructive Azoospermia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nesma E.","family":"Abdelaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay\/\u00cele-de-France, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9901-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bereket Molla","family":"Tanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05 Hawassa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0884-4235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1038-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Giza 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7633-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Islam M.","family":"Saadeldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonggyu","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongki","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6510.1693","article-title":"Population study of causes, treatment, and outcome of infertility","volume":"291","author":"Hull","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. 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