{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:11:16Z","timestamp":1760235076370,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"The National Centre For Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Agreement No. SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE\/27\/2020, November 20th, 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement No. SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE\/27\/2020, November 20th, 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors). However, numerous uncertainties remain, making it difficult to lower the mortality rate, especially among critically ill patients. While looking for a new means of understanding the pathomechanisms of the disease, we asked a question\u2014is our immunity key to resolving these uncertainties? In this review, we attempt to answer this question, and summarize, interpret, and discuss the available knowledge concerning the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T-cells in COVID-19. These are considered to be the first line of defense against pathogens and, thus, we chose to emphasize their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although immunologic alterations are the subject of constant research, they are poorly understood and often underestimated. This review provides background information for the expansion of research on the novel, immunity-oriented approach to diagnostic and treatment possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T04:55:40Z","timestamp":1626670540000},"page":"1817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection\u2014A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0688-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Hrynkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3689-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"B\u0119bnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8185-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Wo\u0142\u0105cewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Majchrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Independent Public Regional Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1869-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Parczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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