{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:41:59Z","timestamp":1790440919829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013275","name":"Instituto Serrapilheira","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondria are key players of aerobic respiration and the production of adenosine triphosphate and constitute the energetic core of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, cells rely upon mitochondria homeostasis, the disruption of which is reported in pathological processes such as liver hepatotoxicity, cancer, muscular dystrophy, chronic inflammation, as well as in neurological conditions including Alzheimer\u2019s disease, schizophrenia, depression, ischemia and glaucoma. In addition to the well-known spontaneous cell-to-cell transfer of mitochondria, a therapeutic potential of the transplant of isolated, metabolically active mitochondria has been demonstrated in several in vitro and in vivo experimental models of disease. This review explores the striking outcomes achieved by mitotherapy thus far, and the most relevant underlying data regarding isolated mitochondria transplantation, including mechanisms of mitochondria intake, the balance between administration and therapy effectiveness, the relevance of mitochondrial source and purity and the mechanisms by which mitotherapy is gaining ground as a promising therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T05:10:59Z","timestamp":1626757859000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Mitotherapy: Unraveling a Promising Treatment for Disorders of the Central Nervous System and Other Systemic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6362-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Nascimento-dos-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5340-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"de-Souza-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3287-336X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Galina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8961-2959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilda","family":"Petrs-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/295605a0","article-title":"Mitochondrial transformation of mammalian cells","volume":"295","author":"Clark","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90423-0","article-title":"Injection of mitochondria into human cells leads to a rapid replacement of the endogenous mitochondrial DNA","volume":"52","author":"King","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018431316831","article-title":"Mitochondria transfer into mouse ova by microinjection","volume":"6","author":"Irwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510511103","article-title":"Mitochondrial transfer between cells can rescue aerobic respiration","volume":"103","author":"Spees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. 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