{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:20:48Z","timestamp":1777497648160,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system contributing substantially to health and disease. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory microglia may induce or accelerate brain aging, by interfering with physiological repair and remodeling processes. Many viral infections affect the brain and interfere with microglia functions, including human immune deficiency virus, flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and human herpes viruses. Especially chronic viral infections causing low-grade neuroinflammation may contribute to brain aging. This review elucidates the potential role of various neurotropic viruses in microglia-driven neurocognitive deficiencies and possibly accelerated brain aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1626780370000},"page":"1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Influence of Virus Infection on Microglia and Accelerated Brain Aging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Filgueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Larionov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Lannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.011","article-title":"Genetic influence on ageing-related changes in resting-state brain functional networks in healthy adults: A systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Foo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0365-z","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms during ageing and neurogenesis as novel therapeutic avenues in human brain disorders","volume":"9","author":"Esteller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00337","article-title":"Astrocytes and Aging","volume":"10","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-017-0145-1","article-title":"Non-genomic transmission of longevity between generations: Potential mechanisms and evidence across species","volume":"10","author":"Vaiserman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"687","article-title":"A Current Genetic and Epigenetic View on Human Aging Mechanisms","volume":"2009","author":"Ostojic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00743-2","article-title":"Molecular Signatures of the Aging Brain: Finding the Links Between Genes and Phenotypes","volume":"16","author":"Lupo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117441","article-title":"White matter microstructure across the adult lifespan: A mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional study using advanced diffusion models and brain-age prediction","volume":"224","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, S.R., Harris, M.A., Ritchie, S.J., Buchanan, C.R., Vald\u00e9s Hern\u00e1ndez, M.C., Corley, J., Taylor, A.M., Madole, J.W., Harris, S.E., and Whalley, H.C. (2021). Three major dimensions of human brain cortical ageing in relation to cognitive decline across the eighth decade of life. Mol. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.19.911420"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, T., Kobeleva, X., Bronzlik, P., N\u00f6sel, P., Dadak, M., Lanfermann, H., Petri, S., and Ding, X.-Q. (2021). Clinically Applicable Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Morphologic Measurements of Grey Matter Changes in the Human Brain. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010055"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrybouski, S., Cribben, I., McGonigle, J., Olsen, F., Carter, R., Seres, P., Madan, C.R., and Malykhin, N.V. (2021). Investigating the effects of healthy cognitive aging on brain functional connectivity using 4.7 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Struct. Funct.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.29.402750"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625931","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625931","article-title":"Differential Patterns of Gyral and Sulcal Morphological Changes During Normal Aging Process","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.607445","article-title":"Age-Associated Differences of Modules and Hubs in Brain Functional Networks","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00026","article-title":"Brain injury, neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Breunig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1312528","article-title":"Injury cascades in TBI-related neurodegeneration","volume":"31","author":"DeKosky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beishon, L., Clough, R.H., Kadicheeni, M., Chithiramohan, T., Panerai, R.B., Haunton, V.J., Minhas, J.S., and Robinson, T.G. (2021). Vascular and haemodynamic issues of brain ageing. Pflug. Arch., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02508-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hort, J., Vali\u0161, M., Ku\u010da, K., and Angelucci, F. (2019). Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Information from Animal Models on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Cognitive Deficits. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102405"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H424","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00696.2020","article-title":"Large artery stiffness and brain health: Insights from animal models","volume":"320","author":"Winder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105225","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of human transcriptomics reveals neuroinflammation, deficient energy metabolism, and proteostasis failure across neurodegeneration","volume":"149","author":"Noori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480230914","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuronal death in brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Role of endocrine-mediated calcium dyshomeostasis","volume":"23","author":"Landfield","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2017.09.003","article-title":"Connectome: Graph theory application in functional brain network architecture","volume":"2","author":"Vecchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110876","article-title":"When function follows form: Nuclear compartment structure and the epigenetic landscape of the aging neuron","volume":"133","author":"Schlachetzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.12.002","article-title":"Untangling human neurogenesis to understand and counteract brain disorders","volume":"50","author":"Beckervordersandforth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2015.10.009","article-title":"Aging affects new cell production in the adult hippocampus: A quantitative anatomic review","volume":"76","author":"Jinno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasic, V., Barth, K., and Schmidt, M.H.H. (2019). Neurodegeneration and Neuro-Regeneration-Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Stem Cell Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174272"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23571","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verkerke, M., Hol, E.M., and Middeldorp, J. (2021). Physiological and Pathological Ageing of Astrocytes in the Human Brain. Neurochem. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03256-7"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, A.D., Chacon-De-La-Rocha, I., Pieropan, F., Papanikolau, M., Azim, K., and Butt, A.M. (2021). Keeping the ageing brain wired: A role for purine signalling in regulating cellular metabolism in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Pflug. Arch.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02544-z"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, J.A., Kavanagh, E., Engskog-Vlachos, P., Engskog, M.K.R., Herrera, A.J., Espinosa-Oliva, A.M., Joseph, B., Hajji, N., Venero, J.L., and Burguillos, M.A. (2020). Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071717"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12301","article-title":"The role of innate immune responses and neuroinflammation in amyloid accumulation and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Webers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"273","article-title":"How can viruses influence the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the aged human brain","volume":"2013","author":"Marosova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e11174","article-title":"Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13539","article-title":"Encephalitis and meningitis in Western Africa: A scoping review of pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Yang, S., Wang, S., Qin, W., Yang, L., and Hu, W. (2017). Mild encephalitis\/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) in adults-a case report and literature review. BMC Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0875-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13197","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of infective encephalitis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Khandaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00620-5","article-title":"The roles of microglia in viral encephalitis: From sensome to therapeutic targeting","volume":"18","author":"Chhatbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0519-z","article-title":"Differential roles of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes in murine CNS autoimmunity","volume":"37","author":"Shemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607691","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.607691","article-title":"T Cells Actively Infiltrate the White Matter of the Aging Monkey Brain in Relation to Increased Microglial Reactivity and Cognitive Decline","volume":"12","author":"Batterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.13","article-title":"Limbic Encephalitis Associated with GAD65 Antibodies: Brief Review of the Relevant literature","volume":"43","author":"Gagnon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00364","article-title":"Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily in Neuroinflammation and Autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Sonar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.09.008","article-title":"Cytokines and neuronal channels: A molecular basis for age-related decline of neuronal function?","volume":"46","author":"Viviani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00622","article-title":"Chemokines in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: New Insights into Prokineticins, Chemokine-Like Proteins","volume":"10","author":"Zuena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, H., Koury, J., and Kaul, M. (2021). Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020170"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279771","article-title":"Role of pattern recognition receptors and the microbiota in neurological disorders","volume":"599","author":"Keogh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2020.00037","article-title":"Key Mechanisms and Potential Targets of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarini, A., Armato, U., Hu, P., and Dal Pr\u00e0, I. (2020). Danger-Sensing\/Patten Recognition Receptors and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239036"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balan\u00e7a, B., Desmurs, L., Grelier, J., Perret-Liaudet, A., and Lukaszewicz, A.-C. (2021). DAMPs and RAGE Pathophysiology at the Acute Phase of Brain Injury: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052439"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02247","article-title":"Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention","volume":"10","author":"Aiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1569-2","article-title":"Acute peripheral immune activation alters cytokine expression and glial activation in the early postnatal rat brain","volume":"16","author":"Bruce","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.12.003","article-title":"The impact of ageing on monocytes and macrophages","volume":"230","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.06.008","article-title":"Role of Peripheral Inflammation in Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Azhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badal, V.D., Vaccariello, E.D., Murray, E.R., Yu, K.E., Knight, R., Jeste, D.V., and Nguyen, T.T. (2020). The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123759"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027925","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027925","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"9","author":"Costello","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565521","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.565521","article-title":"Neurological Damage by Coronaviruses: A Catastrophe in the Queue!","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajares, M., Rojo, A.I., Manda, G., Bosc\u00e1, L., and Cuadrado, A. (2020). Inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071687"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Saras\u00faa, S., Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez, I., Espinosa-Fern\u00e1ndez, V., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, A.M., and Ledesma, J.C. (2020). Can We Treat Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228751"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01976-5","article-title":"Postmortem Studies of Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"57","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2510","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglia\/macrophage phenotype modulate the molecular background of post-stroke depression: A literature review","volume":"20","author":"Nagy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00238","article-title":"Microglia and Brain Plasticity in Acute Psychosis and Schizophrenia Illness Course: A Meta-Review","volume":"8","author":"Morrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14720","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and depression: A review","volume":"53","author":"Troubat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.05.028","article-title":"The association between schizophrenia and the immune system: Review of the evidence from unbiased \u2018omic-studies\u2019","volume":"217","author":"Schot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365210","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1365210","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Expression by Hypothalamic Microglia in Multiple Inflammatory Contexts: A Systematic Review","volume":"2019","author":"Bobbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566922","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.566922","article-title":"Interleukin-17A: The Key Cytokine in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.07.017","article-title":"Increased expression of interleukin 17 in the cortex and hippocampus from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"298","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01504","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1504","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-17A and anti-interleukin-23 antibodies may be effective against Alzheimer\u2032s disease: Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Katayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.07.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling directly increases functional IL-17RA expression in neuroglial cells","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.06.015","article-title":"Th17 Lymphocytes Induce Neuronal Cell Death in a Human iPSC-Based Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Sommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.11.1583","article-title":"A comparison of IL-17 and IL-34 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"66","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1402-7","article-title":"The role of IL-17 in CNS diseases","volume":"129","author":"Waisman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-016-0055-4","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines and Alzheimer\u2032s Disease: A Review from the Perspective of Genetic Polymorphisms","volume":"32","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx083","article-title":"Interferon-Alpha Reduces Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Increases Apoptosis via Activation of Distinct STAT1-Dependent Mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Borsini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319868713","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Disrupts Synaptic Plasticity and Impairs Tissue Damage Compensation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Iezzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114393","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23106","article-title":"Microglia at center stage: A comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Lannes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.001","article-title":"Microglia: Origins, homeostasis, and roles in myelin repair","volume":"47","author":"Lloyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru015","article-title":"Cranial irradiation induces bone marrow-derived microglia in adult mouse brain tissue","volume":"55","author":"Okonogi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.07.019","article-title":"Biodistribution of in vitro-derived microglia applied intranasally and intravenously to mice: Effects of aging","volume":"17","author":"Leovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0496-8","article-title":"Brain radiation injury leads to a dose-and time-dependent recruitment of peripheral myeloid cells that depends on CCR2 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Moravan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9960-9","article-title":"Friend or Foe? Resident Microglia vs Bone Marrow-Derived Microglia and Their Roles in the Retinal Degeneration","volume":"54","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.11.007","article-title":"A Binary Cre Transgenic Approach Dissects Microglia and CNS Border-Associated Macrophages","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577185","article-title":"Microglia heterogeneity and neurodegeneration: The emerging paradigm of the role of immunity in Alzheimer\u2032s disease","volume":"341","author":"Hashemiaghdam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, R., Lillo, A., Rivas-Santisteban, R., Reyes-Resina, I., and Navarro, G. (2021). Microglial Adenosine Receptors: From Preconditioning to Modulating the M1\/M2 Balance in Activated Cells. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051124"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casali, B.T., and Reed-Geaghan, E.G. (2021). Microglial Function and Regulation during Development, Homeostasis and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040957"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augusto-Oliveira, M., Arrifano, G.P., Lopes-Ara\u00fajo, A., Santos-Sacramento, L., Takeda, P.Y., Anthony, D.C., Malva, J.O., and Crespo-Lopez, M.E. (2019). What Do Microglia Really Do in Healthy Adult Brain?. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101293"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000825","article-title":"Update on T cells in the virally infected brain: Friends and foes","volume":"33","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0427-y","article-title":"T cells promote microglia-mediated synaptic elimination and cognitive dysfunction during recovery from neuropathogenic flaviviruses","volume":"22","author":"Garber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1362-5","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals T cell infiltration in old neurogenic niches","volume":"571","author":"Dulken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa112","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa112","article-title":"Restoring regulatory T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease through ex vivo expansion","volume":"2","author":"Faridar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2012.00038","article-title":"T Cell Recruitment in the Brain during Normal Aging","volume":"6","author":"Gemechu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0716-3","article-title":"Long-\u2018Trm\u2019 protection of the CNS","volume":"21","author":"Kovacs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000486200","article-title":"Extravascular CD3+ T Cells in Brains of Alzheimer Disease Patients Correlate with Tau but Not with Amyloid Pathology: An Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"18","author":"Merlini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.10022","article-title":"Infiltration of T lymphocytes and expression of icam-1 in the hippocampus of patients with hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Nakahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502021","article-title":"Age-Associated Resident Memory CD8 T Cells in the Central Nervous System Are Primed to Potentiate Inflammation after Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"196","author":"Ritzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"595707","article-title":"Functionally Competent, PD-1+ CD8+ Trm Cells Populate the Brain Following Local Antigen Encounter","volume":"11","author":"Nazerai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0711-8","article-title":"Peripherally induced brain tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells mediate protection against CNS infection","volume":"21","author":"Urban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.05.010","article-title":"Flaviviruses are neurotropic, but how do they invade the CNS?","volume":"69","author":"Neal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2017_401","article-title":"How viruses infiltrate the central nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Bhide","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, A.L., Sollars, P.J., Pitts, J.D., Stults, A.M., Heldwein, E.E., Pickard, G.E., and Smith, G.A. (2017). The pUL37 tegument protein guides alpha-herpesvirus retrograde axonal transport to promote neuroinvasion. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006741"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0124-z","article-title":"Retrograde axonal transport of VZV: Kinetic studies in hESC-derived neurons","volume":"18","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02029-09","article-title":"Retrograde axon transport of herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus: A live-cell comparative analysis","volume":"84","author":"Antinone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filgueira, L., and Lannes, N. (2019). Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030111"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-006-9017-3","article-title":"Neuroimmunity and the blood-brain barrier: Molecular regulation of leukocyte transmigration and viral entry into the nervous system with a focus on neuroAIDS","volume":"1","author":"Buckner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2018_102","article-title":"Disruption of the blood brain barrier is vital property of neurotropic viral infection of the central nervous system","volume":"62","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.09.021","article-title":"Lung pathology due to hRSV infection impairs blood-brain barrier permeability enabling astrocyte infection and a long-lasting inflammation in the CNS","volume":"91","author":"Bohmwald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152403236","article-title":"Virus receptors in the human central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Schweighardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648629","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.648629","article-title":"Viruses and Endogenous Retroviruses as Roots for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6389-11.2012","article-title":"Influenza infection induces neuroinflammation, alters hippocampal neuron morphology, and impairs cognition in adult mice","volume":"32","author":"Jurgens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01218.x","article-title":"Distemper virus encephalitis exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Avemary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170313122937","article-title":"The Infectious Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Sochocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15277","article-title":"Increased risk of dementia in patients with genital warts: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, K.D., Matullo, C.M., Milora, K.A., Williams, R.M., O\u2019Regan, K.J., and Rall, G.F. (2019). Immune-Mediated Control of a Dormant Neurotropic RNA Virus Infection. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00241-19"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1086\/343768","article-title":"The central nervous system as a reservoir for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): Steady-State levels of SIV DNA in brain from acute through asymptomatic infection","volume":"186","author":"Clements","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002251","article-title":"The impact of HIV central nervous system persistence on pathogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Brew","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S215","DOI":"10.1086\/344265","article-title":"Neuronal survival strategies in the face of RNA viral infection","volume":"186","author":"Patterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuter, D., Sparwasser, T., H\u00fcnig, T., and Schneider-Schaulies, J. (2012). Foxp3+ regulatory T cells control persistence of viral CNS infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033989"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.02.023","article-title":"Neuroinflammation resulting from covert brain invasion by common viruses\u2014A potential role in local and global neurodegeneration","volume":"75","author":"Majde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2021, June 14). The Global Health Observatory: Explore the World of Health Data: HIV\/AIDS. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/hiv-aids."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.07.023","article-title":"Fluorescently-labeled RNA packaging into HIV-1 particles: Direct examination of infectivity across central nervous system cell types","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12288","article-title":"HIV encephalopathy: Glial activation and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, but limited neural repair","volume":"17","author":"Tauber","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601063","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.601063","article-title":"Altered Gray Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00865-w","article-title":"Neurocognitive impairment and gray matter volume reduction in HIV-infected patients","volume":"26","author":"Kato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01398","article-title":"Untreated Patients Dying with AIDS Have Loss of Neocortical Neurons and Glia Cells","volume":"13","author":"Kaalund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002093","article-title":"Cognitive Trajectory Phenotypes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients","volume":"82","author":"Dastgheyb","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000687","article-title":"The neurologic phenotype of South African patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00728-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of age-related HIV neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Mackiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200286","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200286","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2032s disease-like perturbations in HIV-mediated neuronal dysfunctions: Understanding mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Jha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146446","article-title":"Neuroinflammation & pre-mature aging in the context of chronic HIV infection and drug abuse: Role of dysregulated autophagy","volume":"1724","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2020.1814962","article-title":"Important role of microglia in HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and the molecular pathways implicated in its pathogenesis","volume":"53","author":"Borrajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00077-z","article-title":"Age-Related Decrease in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunoreactivity in the Substantia Nigra and Region-Specific Changes in Microglia Morphology in HIV-1 Tg Rats","volume":"36","author":"Goulding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00732-3","article-title":"Does HIV infection contribute to increased beta-amyloid synthesis and plaque formation leading to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"25","author":"Fulop","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00736-z","article-title":"HIV and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Complex interactions of HIV-Tat with amyloid \u03b2 peptide and Tau protein","volume":"25","author":"Hategan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146397","article-title":"White matter loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in HIV: A consequence of the infection, the antiretroviral therapy or both?","volume":"1724","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Harris, M., Sidhu, S., Rowland, A., Eli, J.L., Bridges, R., and Khanna, P. (2021, June 14). Worldwide Measles Deaths Climb 50% from 2016 to 2019 Claiming Over 207 500 Lives in 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-11-2020-worldwide-measles-deaths-climb-50-from-2016-to-2019-claiming-over-207-500-lives-in-2019."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.4.1908-1918.2000","article-title":"Measles Virus Spread between Neurons Requires Cell Contact but Not CD46 Expression, Syncytium Formation, or Extracellular Virus Production","volume":"74","author":"Lawrence","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, Y., Watanabe, S., Fukuda, Y., Hashiguchi, T., Yanagi, Y., and Ohno, S. (2018). Cell-to-Cell Measles Virus Spread between Human Neurons Is Dependent on Hemagglutinin and Hyperfusogenic Fusion Protein. J. Virol., 92.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02166-17"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welsch, J.C., Charvet, B., Dussurgey, S., Allatif, O., Aurine, N., Horvat, B., Gerlier, D., and Mathieu, C. (2019). Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Drives Selective Permissiveness of Astrocytes and Microglia to Measles Virus during Brain Infection. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00618-19"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81838-0","article-title":"A mouse model of persistent brain infection with recombinant Measles virus","volume":"87","author":"Schubert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-010-0153-2","article-title":"Measles virus infection of the CNS: Human disease, animal models, and approaches to therapy","volume":"199","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03117-12","article-title":"Characteristics of viruses derived from nude mice with persistent measles virus infection","volume":"87","author":"Abe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00139-1","article-title":"Measles Virus in the Brain","volume":"1997","author":"Norby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.04.005","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of measles virus persistence","volume":"111","author":"Rima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-49","article-title":"Measles viral load may reflect SSPE disease progression","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2058","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2058","article-title":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis","volume":"29","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11866-7","article-title":"Zika virus replicates in adult human brain tissue and impairs synapses and memory in mice","volume":"10","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masmejan, S., Musso, D., Vouga, M., Pomar, L., Dashraath, P., Stojanov, M., Panchaud, A., and Baud, D. (2020). Zika Virus. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110898"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0714-0","article-title":"The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses","volume":"5","author":"Pierson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diop, F., Vial, T., Ferraris, P., Wichit, S., Bengue, M., Hamel, R., Talignani, L., Liegeois, F., Pompon, J., and Yssel, H. (2018). Zika virus infection modulates the metabolomic profile of microglial cells. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206093"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potokar, M., Korva, M., Jorga\u010devski, J., Av\u0161i\u010d-\u017dupanc, T., and Zorec, R. (2014). Tick-borne encephalitis virus infects rat astrocytes but does not affect their viability. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086219"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.118","article-title":"Zika virus infected primary microglia impairs NPCs proliferation and differentiation","volume":"497","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.04.012","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells without compromising blood-brain barrier integrity","volume":"507","author":"Palus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600848746","article-title":"Inflammatory response in human tick-borne encephalitis: Analysis of postmortem brain tissue","volume":"12","author":"Gelpi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0109","article-title":"Persistence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Is Associated with Abnormal Expression of the Nonstructural Protein NS1 in Host Cells","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mladinich, M.C., Schwedes, J., and Mackow, E.R. (2017). Zika Virus Persistently Infects and Is Basolaterally Released from Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. mBio, 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00952-17"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ireland, D.D.C., Manangeeswaran, M., Lewkowicz, A.P., Engel, K., Clark, S.M., Laniyan, A., Sykes, J., Lee, H.-N., McWilliams, I.L., and Kelley-Baker, L. (2020). Long-term persistence of infectious Zika virus: Inflammation and behavioral sequela in mice. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.11.145854"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068411-0","article-title":"Infection and injury of human astrocytes by tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"95","author":"Palus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0675-3","article-title":"Interactions of human microglia cells with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"14","author":"Lannes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.25-36.2003","article-title":"Characterization of a siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"77","author":"Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04575-3","article-title":"Neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: Understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients","volume":"41","author":"Yachou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2065","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis and Neurologic Manifestations of the Coronaviruses in the Age of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review","volume":"77","author":"Zubair","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"555896","article-title":"How the Interaction of SARS-Cov-2 with the Interleukin-17A Receptor May Contribute to Neuropathology","volume":"2021","author":"Lannes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Access J. Neurol. Neurosugery"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588872","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.588872","article-title":"Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19 and Effects on Elderly Individuals with Dementia","volume":"12","author":"Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, E., Zhang, C., Israelow, B., Lu-Culligan, A., Prado, A.V., Skriabine, S., Lu, P., Weizman, O.-E., Liu, F., and Dai, Y. (2021). Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain. J. Exp. Med., 218.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202135"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"e13052","article-title":"COVID-19 Encephalopathy in Adults","volume":"13","author":"Atluri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"262","article-title":"Does coronaviruses induce neurodegenerative diseases? A systematic review on the neurotropism and neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00744-w","article-title":"Cognitive impact of COVID-19: Looking beyond the short term","volume":"12","author":"Miners","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05068-7","article-title":"Neuropathologic findings of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Pajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583459","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.583459","article-title":"Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the Nervous System: Implications of COVID-19 in Neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00123-0","article-title":"COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: From bench to bedside","volume":"6","author":"Sulzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200831","article-title":"COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications","volume":"77","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007814117","article-title":"Microglia depletion exacerbates demyelination and impairs remyelination in a neurotropic coronavirus infection","volume":"117","author":"Sariol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, C.E., and Carette, J.E. (2021). Return of the Neurotropic Enteroviruses: Co-Opting Cellular Pathways for Infection. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020166"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000103","article-title":"Differential permissivity of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells to enterovirus infection and specificities of serotype EV-A71 in crossing an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier","volume":"96","author":"Volle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876241","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/876241","article-title":"Cytokine immunopathogenesis of enterovirus 71 brain stem encephalitis","volume":"2012","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12407","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02090-13","article-title":"Human astrocytic cells support persistent coxsackievirus B3 infection","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0771-8","article-title":"Transient broca aphasia in an elderly man caused by coxsackievirus B5","volume":"249","author":"Endres","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0676-7","article-title":"Rapidly progressive encephalopathy caused by Coxsackie meningoencephalitis in an elderly male","volume":"24","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1740-17.2018","article-title":"Long-Term Neuroinflammation Induced by Influenza A Virus Infection and the Impact on Hippocampal Neuron Morphology and Function","volume":"38","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.10.001","article-title":"Persistence of viral RNA segments in the central nervous system of mice after recovery from acute influenza A virus infection","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegers, J.Y., van de Bildt, M.W.G., Lin, Z., Leijten, L.M., Lavrijssen, R.A.M., Bestebroer, T., Spronken, M.I.J., de Zeeuw, C.I., Gao, Z., and Schrauwen, E.J.A. (2019). Viral Factors Important for Efficient Replication of Influenza A Viruses in Cells of the Central Nervous System. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02273-18"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2007.12.001","article-title":"Central nervous system infections of herpesvirus family","volume":"18","author":"Bulakbasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doll, J.R., Hoebe, K., Thompson, R.L., and Sawtell, N.M. (2020). Resolution of herpes simplex virus reactivation in vivo results in neuronal destruction. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008296"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chiara, G., Piacentini, R., Fabiani, M., Mastrodonato, A., Marcocci, M.E., Limongi, D., Napoletani, G., Protto, V., Coluccio, P., and Celestino, I. (2019). Recurrent herpes simplex virus-1 infection induces hallmarks of neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in mice. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007617"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santpere, G., Telford, M., Andr\u00e9s-Benito, P., Navarro, A., and Ferrer, I. (2020). The Presence of Human Herpesvirus 6 in the Brain in Health and Disease. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111520"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S., Yun, S.-C., Kim, M.-C., Yoon, W., Lim, J.S., Lee, S.-O., Choi, S.-H., Kim, Y.S., Woo, J.H., and Kim, S.Y. (2020). Association of herpes zoster with dementia and effect of antiviral therapy on dementia: A population-based cohort study. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01157-4"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00046","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Insights into Proposed Interrelationships with Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Duarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"479","article-title":"Maladie d\u2019Alzheimer, neuro-inflammation et virus herp\u00e9tiques\u2014Une piste qui trace son chemin","volume":"36","author":"Epstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz150","article-title":"Time for Well-Powered Controlled Prospective Studies to Test a Causal Role for Herpes Viruses in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Antiherpetic Drugs","volume":"75","author":"Volinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00202","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Increasing evidence for a major role of the virus","volume":"6","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, R., Cabinio, M., Agostini, S., Baglio, F., and Clerici, M. (2020). HSV-1-Specific IgG3 Titers Correlate with Brain Cortical Thinning in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020255"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangold, C.A., and Szpara, M.L. (2019). Persistent Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014A Call to Study How Variability in Both Virus and Host may Impact Disease. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100966"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e926807","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.926807","article-title":"Upregulation of Chemokines in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Rats with Stress-Induced Hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.26641\/2307-0404.2021.1.227729","article-title":"Intracellular ways of development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease against the background of herpes viral infections (literature review)","volume":"26","author":"Ostrovska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Perspekt."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22689","article-title":"Microglia-induced IL-6 protects against neuronal loss following HSV-1 infection of neural progenitor cells","volume":"62","author":"Conrady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 14). Massive Proportion of World\u2019s Population are Living with Herpes Infection. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-05-2020-massive-proportion-world-population-living-with-herpes-infection."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-014-0022-8","article-title":"The 21st century epidemic: Infections as inductors of neuro-degeneration associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Licastro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00466","article-title":"Microorganisms\u2032 Footprint in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Dehhaghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102919","article-title":"Microglia facilitate loss of perineuronal nets in the Alzheimer\u2032s disease brain","volume":"58","author":"Crapser","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14015","article-title":"The viral protein gp120 decreases the acetylation of neuronal tubulin: Potential mechanism of neurotoxicity","volume":"141","author":"Avdoshina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafaro, A., Barillari, G., Moretti, S., Palladino, C., Tripiciano, A., Falchi, M., Picconi, O., Pavone Cossut, M.R., Campagna, M., and Arancio, A. (2020). HIV-1 Tat Protein Enters Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells via Integrins and Renders Them Permissive to Virus Replication. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010317"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72214-0","article-title":"Modeling HIV-1 neuropathogenesis using three-dimensional human brain organoids (hBORGs) with HIV-1 infected microglia","volume":"10","author":"Sant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0210-3","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and the role for cofactors (hepatitis C, drug abuse, antiretroviral drug toxicity, aging) in HAND persistence","volume":"11","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Celis, V., Valiente-Echeverr\u00eda, F., Soto-Rifo, R., and Toro-Ascuy, D. (2019). New Challenges of HIV-1 Infection: How HIV-1 Attacks and Resides in the Central Nervous System. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101245"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0199-1","article-title":"Experimental measles encephalitis in Lewis rats: Dissemination of infected neuronal cell subtypes","volume":"19","author":"Jehmlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24183","article-title":"Steroid-Responsive, progressive, focal measles virus brain infection","volume":"75","author":"Steiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1434","article-title":"Enterovirus 71 infection caused neuronal cell death and cytokine expression in cultured rat neural cells","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.06.007","article-title":"Comparative analysis of putative novel microRNA expression profiles induced by enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infections in human umbilical vein endothelial cells using high-throughput sequencing","volume":"73","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L525","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00324.2018","article-title":"Lethal avian influenza A (H5N1) virus replicates in pontomedullary chemosensitive neurons and depresses hypercapnic ventilatory response in mice","volume":"316","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, S.M., Wang, C., Tigdi, J., Si, X., Dumpit, C., Charles, S., Gamage, A., Moraes, T.J., and Lee, W.L. (2012). Influenza infects lung microvascular endothelium leading to microvascular leak: Role of apoptosis and claudin-5. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047323"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/13550281003739040","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 persists in the aged brain through hypothetical expression of accessory genes","volume":"16","author":"Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00002","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Involves Apoptosis Associated with GM130-Mediated Golgi Stress","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02044-4","article-title":"Analysis of ALS-related proteins during herpes simplex virus-2 latent infection","volume":"17","author":"Cabrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2741\/1275","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus latency, neurological disease and experimental models: An update","volume":"9","author":"Cohrs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasiou, E., Gargalionis, A.N., Boufidou, F., and Tsakris, A. (2021). The Association of Human Herpesviruses with Malignant Brain Tumor Pathology and Therapy: Two Sides of a Coin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052250"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51152","article-title":"HHV-6 and hippocampal volume in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Akinsoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.04.013","article-title":"Microglia during development and aging","volume":"139","author":"Harry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00323","article-title":"Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease","volume":"12","author":"Szepesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1443-2","article-title":"The role of microglia in viral encephalitis: A review","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uyar, O., Laflamme, N., Piret, J., Venable, M.-C., Carbonneau, J., Zarrouk, K., Rivest, S., and Boivin, G. (2020). An Early Microglial Response Is Needed to Efficiently Control Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01428-20"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzy, S., Brown-Whalen, A., Yahya, T., Sarro-Schwartz, A., Jin, G., Chung, J.Y., Lule, S., Morsett, L.M., Alquraini, A., and Wu, L. (2021). Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Neuroinflammation before Tau Pathology in Adolescent P301S Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020907"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104921","article-title":"Involvement of microglia in disturbed fear memory regulation: Possible microglial contribution to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"142","author":"Enomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000783","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms in poststroke dementia","volume":"33","author":"Doyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00233","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer Disease: Well-Known Targets and New Opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Hemonnot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"622360","article-title":"Microglial Hyperreactivity Evolved to Immunosuppression in the Hippocampus of a Mouse Model of Accelerated Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Traits","volume":"12","author":"Corpas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.003","article-title":"Dystrophic microglia are associated with neurodegenerative disease and not healthy aging in the human brain","volume":"99","author":"Shahidehpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01099-x","article-title":"Microglial gene signature reveals loss of homeostatic microglia associated with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer\u2032s disease","volume":"9","author":"Sobue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23782","article-title":"Dystrophic microglia in late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Streit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9495-z","article-title":"Potential roles of microglial cell progranulin in HIV-associated CNS pathologies and neurocognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Suh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576263","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.576263","article-title":"Cytosolic DNA Sensors and CNS Responses to Viral Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Jeffries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23081","article-title":"Fate of microglia during HIV-1 infection: From activation to senescence?","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41302-1","article-title":"CX3CR1-CX3CL1-dependent cell-to-cell Japanese encephalitis virus transmission by human microglial cells","volume":"9","author":"Lannes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100127","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and glial cells: Insights and perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Vargas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12856","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12856","article-title":"Increased expression and altered subcellular distribution of cathepsin B in microglia induce cognitive impairment through oxidative stress and inflammatory response in mice","volume":"18","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7365","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13067365","article-title":"Role of microglia in oxidative toxicity associated with encephalomycarditis virus infection in the central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Ano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00614","article-title":"HIV-1 gp120 and morphine induced oxidative stress: Role in cell cycle regulation","volume":"6","author":"Samikkannu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.236","article-title":"Dengue Virus-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Rat Microglial Cells","volume":"70","author":"Suwanprinya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schachtele, S.J., Hu, S., and Lokensgard, J.R. (2012). Modulation of experimental herpes encephalitis-associated neurotoxicity through sulforaphane treatment. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036216"},{"key":"ref_236","first-page":"124","article-title":"Microglial cell dysregulation in brain aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, D.S.A., and Oliver, P.L. (2020). ROS Generation in Microglia: Understanding Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080743"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654489","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.654489","article-title":"Microglia Specific Drug Targeting Using Natural Products for the Regulation of Redox Imbalance in Neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Maurya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15166","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells as a major source of IL-17 production during age-dependent RPE degeneration","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derkow, K., Kr\u00fcger, C., Dembny, P., and Lehnardt, S. (2015). Microglia Induce Neurotoxic IL-17+ \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Dependent on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 Activation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135898"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8461725","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8461725","article-title":"Blockade of IL-17A\/IL-17R Pathway Protected Mice from Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibition of Microglia Activation","volume":"2019","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23172","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2 regulates the production of IL-10 by toll-like receptor-activated microglia","volume":"65","author":"Carriche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, M., and Bergmann, C.C. (2020). Neuronal Ablation of Alpha\/Beta Interferon (IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2) Signaling Exacerbates Central Nervous System Viral Dissemination and Impairs IFN-\u03b3Responsiveness in Microglia\/Macrophages. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00422-20"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001327","article-title":"The Inflammatory Factors Associated with Disease Severity to Predict COVID-19 Progression","volume":"206","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cyr, B., and de Rivero Vaccari, J.P. (2021). Age-Dependent Microglial Response to Systemic Infection. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051037"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00544-y","article-title":"Comparative analysis of human microglial models for studies of HIV replication and pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrovirology"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/7\/1836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:23Z","timestamp":1760164343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/7\/1836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":246,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10071836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10071836","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}}}