{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:45:14Z","timestamp":1774464314375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010250","name":"Sichuan Province Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20CXTD0062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20CXTD0062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012551","name":"Applied Basic Research Program of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20YYJC4388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YYJC4388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread over the world for more than one year. COVID-19 often develops life-threatening hypoxemia. Endothelial injury caused by the viral infection leads to intravascular coagulation and ventilation-perfusion mismatch. However, besides above pathogenic mechanisms, the role of alveolar edema in the disease progression has not been discussed comprehensively. Since the exudation of pulmonary edema fluid was extremely serious in COVID-19 patients, we bring out a hypothesis that severity of alveolar edema may determine the size of poorly-ventilated area and the blood oxygen content. Treatments to pulmonary edema (conservative fluid management, exogenous surfactant replacements and ethanol\u2013oxygen vapor therapy hypothetically) may be greatly helpful for reducing the occurrences of severe cases. Given that late mechanical ventilation may cause mucus (edema fluid) to be blown deep into the small airways, oxygen therapy should be given at the early stages. The optimal time and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) threshold for oxygen therapy are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T22:22:46Z","timestamp":1627338166000},"page":"1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Role of Alveolar Edema in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si-Cong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Kang Hong Pharmaceutical Group Comp. Ltd., Chengdu 610036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Fan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30304-0","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: Is a different approach to management warranted?","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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