{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:38:48Z","timestamp":1792640328631,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":297,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-18-1-0166 & W81XWH-18-1-0167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-18-1-0166 & W81XWH-18-1-0167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011765","name":"Rudi Schulte Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, approximately 11% of all infants are born preterm, prior to 37 weeks\u2019 gestation. In these high-risk neonates, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality, especially for neonates who are born very preterm (&lt;32 weeks gestation). EoP encompasses numerous types of preterm birth-related brain abnormalities and injuries, and can culminate in a diverse array of neurodevelopmental impairments. Of note, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) can be conceptualized as a severe manifestation of EoP. PHHP impacts the immature neonatal brain at a crucial timepoint during neurodevelopment, and can result in permanent, detrimental consequences to not only cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, but also to white and gray matter development. In this review, the relevant literature related to the diverse mechanisms of cell death in the setting of PHHP will be thoroughly discussed. Loss of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, ependymal cells and their motile cilia, and cellular structures within the glymphatic system are of particular interest. Greater insights into the injuries, initiating targets, and downstream signaling pathways involved in excess cell death shed light on promising areas for therapeutic intervention. This will bolster current efforts to prevent, mitigate, and reverse the consequential brain remodeling that occurs as a result of hydrocephalus and other components of EoP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1627449828000},"page":"1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cumulative Damage: Cell Death in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Riley","family":"Sevensky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8590-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie C.","family":"Newville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Lam","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenandoah","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren L.","family":"Jantzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2014.06.002","article-title":"Infantile hydrocephalus: A review of epidemiology, classification and causes","volume":"57","author":"Tully","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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