{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:48:14Z","timestamp":1793908094936,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A2B2004097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A2B2004097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1D1A1B07048337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07048337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gout is a recurrent and chronic form of arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints. Macrophages intake MSU crystals, the trigger for NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which leads to the release of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and results in the flaring of gout. The effects of temperature, an environmental factor for MSU crystallization, on IL-1\u03b2 secretion have not been well studied. This study examined the effects of temperature on inflammasome activation. Specific triggers activated canonical inflammasomes (NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2) in murine macrophages at various temperatures (25, 33, 37, 39, and 42 \u00b0C). The maturation of IL-1\u03b2 and caspase-1 was measured as an indicator for inflammasome activation. As expected, the optimal temperature of inflammasome activation was 37 \u00b0C. The MSU crystal-mediated activation of inflammasome increased at temperatures lower than 37 \u00b0C and decreased at higher temperatures. MSU crystals at lower temperatures enhanced IL-1\u03b2 secretion via the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. A lower temperature promoted the formation of MSU crystals without changing phagocytosis. Overall, lower temperatures form more MSU crystals and enhance NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In light of these findings, it is possible that hyperthermia therapy may reduce gout flaring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T10:47:46Z","timestamp":1627555666000},"page":"1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Lower Temperatures Exacerbate NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Promoting Monosodium Urate Crystallization, Causing Gout"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-8241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huijeong","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geun-Shik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0400-9","article-title":"The crystallization of monosodium urate","volume":"16","author":"Martillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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