{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:09:48Z","timestamp":1790762988444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD0900205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31530077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31530077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31972779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011223","name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019FBZ05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019FBZ05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province","award":["212102310667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310667"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid (HPT) axis regulates many critical features in vertebrates. Utilizing TALENs and CRISPR\/Cas9 techniques, thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta a (tshba), thyroglobulin (tg), and solute carrier family 16 member 2 (slc16a2) mutant zebrafish lines were generated. Among the three mutants, the earliest time point for the significantly altered T3 contents was observed in tshba mutants, which resulted in the most severe defects, including typical defects such as the retardation of inflated anterior swimming bladder (aSB), proper formation of fin ray and posterior squamation (SP), the larval-to-juvenile transition (LTJT) process, juvenile growth retardation, and mating failure. In tg mutants, which are actually compensated with an alternative splicing form, growth retardation was observed in the juvenile stage without LTJT and reproductive defects. The evident goiter phenotype was only observed in tg- and slc16a2 mutants, but not in tshba mutants. Other than goiters being observed, no other significant developmental defects were found in the slc16a2 mutants. Regarding the reproductive defects observed in tshba mutants, the defective formation of the secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) was observed, while no obvious alterations during gonad development were found. Based on our analyses, zebrafish at the 6\u201312 mm standard length or 16\u201335 days post-fertilization (dpf) should be considered to be in their LTJT phase. Using a series of zebrafish dyshormonogenesis models, this study demonstrated that the TSH function is critical for the proper promotion of zebrafish LTJT and SSC formation. In addition, the elevation of TSH levels appears to be essential for goiter appearance in zebrafish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T21:45:06Z","timestamp":1628113506000},"page":"1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Functions of the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on Key Developmental Features Revealed in a Series of Zebrafish Dyshormonogenesis Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyong","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.07.030","article-title":"The Origins and Evolution of Vertebrate Metamorphosis","volume":"21","author":"Laudet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00019","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone and Seasonal Rhythmicity","volume":"5","author":"Dardente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1527","article-title":"Role of Thyroid Hormone Receptor-\u03b11 in Endochondral Ossification","volume":"155","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.04.029","article-title":"Use of tsh beta:Egfp transgenic zebrafish as a rapid in vivo model for assessing thyroid-disrupting chemicals","volume":"262","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.131","article-title":"Acute exposure to synthetic pyrethroids causes bioconcentration and disruption of the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid axis in zebrafish embryos","volume":"542","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0183","article-title":"Defective Protein Folding and Intracellular Retention of Thyroglobulin-R19K Mutant as a Cause of Human Congenital Goiter","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17226-7","article-title":"Association between mutations in a thyroid hormone transporter and severe X-linked psychomotor retardation","volume":"364","author":"Friesema","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalveram, L., Kleinau, G., Szymanska, K., Scheerer, P., Rivero-Mueller, A., Grueters-Kieslich, A., and Biebermann, H. (2019). The pathogenic tsh beta-subunit variant c105vfs114x causes a modified signaling profile at tshr. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225564"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345103","article-title":"Similarities and differences in the phenotype of members of an Italian family with hereditary non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism associated with an activating TSH receptor germline mutation","volume":"25","author":"Arturi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.07.003","article-title":"The genetics of euthyroid familial goiter","volume":"16","author":"Eszlinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0258","article-title":"A Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation of the Dual Oxidase 2 (DUOX2) Gene in an Adult Patient with Large Goiter","volume":"18","author":"Ohye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.25.23","article-title":"Three novel mutations of the mct8 (slc16a2) gene: Individual and temporal variations of endocrinological and radiological features","volume":"25","author":"Ono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatric Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.12.009","article-title":"Molecular analysis of thyroglobulin mutations found in patients with goiter and hypothyroidism","volume":"473","author":"Siffo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.02.007","article-title":"Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism and goiter due to NIS mutations","volume":"322","author":"Spitzweg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2008.12.010","article-title":"Thyrotropin in teleost fish","volume":"161","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26327","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.242099","article-title":"Repeat Motif-containing Regions within Thyroglobulin","volume":"286","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.1163-18","article-title":"Congenital primary hypothyroidism with the homozygous nonsense mutation p.K1374*in the thyroglobulin gene and a normal-sized thyroid gland on levothyroxine replacement","volume":"58","author":"Mizokami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2014.02.003","article-title":"A novel mutation in the thyroglobulin gene that causes goiter and dwarfism in Wistar Hannover GALAS rats","volume":"762","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16553","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.719047","article-title":"Thyroglobulin Represents a Novel Molecular Architecture of Vertebrates","volume":"291","author":"Holzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.015","article-title":"Exposure to PFDoA causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae","volume":"235","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0390","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Thyroid Hormone Deprivation and Excess in Monocarboxylate Transporter (Mct) 8-Deficient Mice","volume":"147","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28253","article-title":"Abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism in mice lacking the monocarboxylate transporter","volume":"117","author":"Trajkovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zada, D., Tovin, A., Lerer-Goldshtein, T., Vatine, G., and Appelbaum, L. (2014). Altered Behavioral Performance and Live Imaging of Circuit-Specific Neural Deficiencies in a Zebrafish Model for Psychomotor Retardation. PLoS Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004615"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0320","article-title":"Neural Alterations and Hyperactivity of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis in Oatp1c1 Deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Admati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bio037655","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.037655","article-title":"Zebrafish duox mutations provide a model for human congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"8","author":"Chopra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0598","article-title":"Generation of Novel Genetic Models to Dissect Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Receptor \u03b1 in Zebrafish","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Westerfield, M. (2000). The Zebrafish Book. A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (danio rerio), University of Oregon Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neff, K.L., Argue, D.P., Ma, A.C., Lee, H.B., Clark, K.J., and Ekker, S.C. (2013). Mojo Hand, a TALEN design tool for genome editing applications. BMC Bioinform., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr218","article-title":"Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting","volume":"39","author":"Cermak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232033","article-title":"RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9","volume":"339","author":"Mali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2018-0012","article-title":"A PAGE screening approach for identifying CRISPR-Cas9-induced mutations in zebrafish","volume":"64","author":"Vanleuven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.04.066","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation in zebrafish adipose tissue is promoted by 1 alpha,25(oh)(2)d-3","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.1021\/es202248h","article-title":"Zebrafish Eleutheroembryos Provide a Suitable Vertebrate Model for Screening Chemicals that Impair Thyroid Hormone Synthesis","volume":"45","author":"Thienpont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A novel method for protein estimation assay using brilliant blue g","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22113","article-title":"Normal table of postembryonic zebrafish development: Staging by externally visible anatomy of the living fish","volume":"238","author":"Parichy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"413","article-title":"Determination of thyroid hormones in mouse tissues by isotope-dilution microflow liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry method","volume":"1033\u20131034","author":"Giesert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.12.024","article-title":"A validated lc-ms\/ms method for thyroid hormone determination in sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) plasma, gill, kidney and liver","volume":"1041","author":"Bussy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2014.0976","article-title":"Growth and Maturation in the Zebrafish, Danio Rerio: A Staging Tool for Teaching and Research","volume":"11","author":"Singleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(86)90040-1","article-title":"Role of thyroid on testicular lipids in prepubertal, pubertal and adult rats. I. Hyperthyroidism","volume":"881","author":"Aruldhas","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.29.181","article-title":"Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels during Zebrafish Development","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.05.011","article-title":"Thyroid gland development and function in the zebrafish model","volume":"312","author":"Porazzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.260141297","article-title":"Targeted chromatin binding and histone acetylation in vivo by thyroid hormone receptor during amphibian development","volume":"97","author":"Sachs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/376243","article-title":"Alterations along the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) after Exposure to Propylthiouracil","volume":"2011","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.04.009","article-title":"An AOP-based alternative testing strategy to predict the impact of thyroid hormone disruption on swim bladder inflation in zebrafish","volume":"200","author":"Stinckens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.12.023","article-title":"Impaired anterior swim bladder inflation following exposure to the thyroid peroxidase inhibitor 2-mercaptobenzothiazole part II: Zebrafish","volume":"173","author":"Stinckens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2018.09.011","article-title":"Insights from zebrafish deficiency models to understand the impact of local thyroid hormone regulator action on early development","volume":"279","author":"Vancamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1962","article-title":"Knockdown of Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (mct8) Disturbs Brain Development and Locomotion in Zebrafish","volume":"155","author":"Zethof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1660","article-title":"Knockdown of Type 3 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Severely Perturbs Both Embryonic and Early Larval Development in Zebrafish","volume":"155","author":"Heijlen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.01.018","article-title":"Deiodinase knockdown affects zebrafish eye development at the level of gene expression, morphology and function","volume":"424","author":"Houbrechts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-0046","article-title":"TSH Receptor Function Is Required for Normal Thyroid Differentiation in Zebrafish","volume":"25","author":"Opitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1077","article-title":"Permanent Deiodinase Type 2 Deficiency Strongly Perturbs Zebrafish Development, Growth, and Fertility","volume":"157","author":"Houbrechts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16951-9","article-title":"Transcriptomics reveal an integrative role for maternal thyroid hormones during zebrafish embryogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24036-4","article-title":"A Rapid CRISPR\/Cas-based Mutagenesis Assay in Zebrafish for Identification of Genes Involved in Thyroid Morphogenesis and Function","volume":"8","author":"Trubiroha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13011","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13011","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormone in zebrafish and axolotl development","volume":"94","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242322099","article-title":"Nonlinear partial differential equations and applications: Defining thyrotropin-dependent and -independent steps of thyroid hormone synthesis by using thyrotropin receptor-null mice","volume":"99","author":"Marians","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118540","article-title":"A circulating, biologically inactive thyrotropin caused by a mutation in the beta subunit gene","volume":"97","author":"Herodotou","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2001","article-title":"Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Structure-Function Relationships","volume":"82","author":"Szkudlinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70038","article-title":"Embryonic exposure to excess thyroid hormone causes thyrotrope cell death","volume":"124","author":"Tonyushkina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20831","article-title":"Analysis of origin and growth of the thyroid gland in zebrafish","volume":"235","author":"Alt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256251","article-title":"Thyroid hormone-dependent adult pigment cell lineage and pattern in zebrafish","volume":"345","author":"McMenamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1032","article-title":"Maternal Thyroid Hormones Are Essential for Neural Development in Zebrafish","volume":"28","author":"Campinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12299","article-title":"Thyroid hormone modulation during zebrafish development recapitulates evolved diversity in danionin jaw protrusion mechanics","volume":"21","author":"Galindo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2017.1453","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Stimulates the Onset of Adult Feeding Kinematics in Zebrafish","volume":"14","author":"McMenamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.61.1.243","article-title":"Acoustic Stimulation of the Ear of the Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)","volume":"61","author":"Fay","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2","article-title":"Thyroglobulin From Molecular and Cellular Biology to Clinical Endocrinology","volume":"37","author":"Arvan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.01.032","article-title":"Novel compound heterozygous thyroglobulin mutations c.745+1g > a\/c.7036+2t > a associated with congenital goiter and hypothyroidism in a vietnamese family. Identification of a new cryptic 5 splice site in the exon 6","volume":"404","author":"Citterio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.01.014","article-title":"Thyroid disease around the world","volume":"51","author":"Maniakas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14073-1","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism","volume":"362","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60782-4","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis","volume":"379","author":"Franklyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0549","article-title":"Disruption of deiodinase type 2 in zebrafish disturbs male and female reproduction","volume":"241","author":"Houbrechts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00551","article-title":"Characterization of Sexual Trait Development in cyp17a1-Deficient Zebrafish","volume":"159","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/8\/1984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:40:32Z","timestamp":1760164832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/8\/1984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10081984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10081984","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]}}}