{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:49:32Z","timestamp":1790916572697,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting apocrine gland-rich areas of the body. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular occlusion of the folliculopilosebaceous unit, followed by follicular rupture and immune responses. Innate pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1); mediators of activated T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells (e.g., IFN-\u03b3, and IL-17); and effector mechanisms of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells are involved. On the other hand, HS lesions contain anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-10) and show limited activity of Th22 cells. The inflammatory vicious circle finally results in pain, purulence, tissue destruction, and scarring. HS pathogenesis is still enigmatic, and a valid animal model for HS is currently not available. All these aspects represent a challenge for the development of therapeutic approaches, which are urgently needed for this debilitating disease. Available treatments are limited, mostly off-label, and surgical interventions are often required to achieve remission. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge surrounding HS, including the diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatments, and existing translational studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1629063835000},"page":"2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Scala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3864-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cacciapuoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Garzorz-Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Megna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Marasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Seiringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Allergy and Environment, Technical University, Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Volz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Eyerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Fabbrocini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0149-1","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"6","author":"Sabat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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