{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:51:03Z","timestamp":1790884263506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHA 2040\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHA 2040\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97744-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97744-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The enlightenment of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a part of the innate immune system shed new insights into the pathologies of various diseases. The initial idea that NETs are a pivotal defense structure was gradually amended due to several deleterious effects in consecutive investigations. NETs formation is now considered a double-edged sword. The harmful effects are not limited to the induction of inflammation by NETs remnants but also include occlusions caused by aggregated NETs (aggNETs). The latter carries the risk of occluding tubular structures like vessels or ducts and appear to be associated with the pathologies of various diseases. In addition to life-threatening vascular clogging, other occlusions include painful stone formation in the biliary system, the kidneys, the prostate, and the appendix. AggNETs are also prone to occlude the ductal system of exocrine glands, as seen in ocular glands, salivary glands, and others. Last, but not least, they also clog the pancreatic ducts in a murine model of neutrophilia. In this regard, elucidating the mechanism of NETs-dependent occlusions is of crucial importance for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the putative mechanisms of NETs-associated occlusions in the pathogenesis of disease, as well as prospective treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T09:27:57Z","timestamp":1629970077000},"page":"2208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Driven Occlusive Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7550-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kursat Oguz","family":"Yaykasli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5395-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis E.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2922-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Knopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Schett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill 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