{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:27:04Z","timestamp":1790508424570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008191","name":"Wings for Life","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In species that regenerate the injured spinal cord, the ependymal region is a source of new cells and a prominent coordinator of regeneration. In mammals, cells at the ependymal region proliferate in normal conditions and react after injury, but in humans, the central canal is lost in the majority of individuals from early childhood. It is replaced by a structure that does not proliferate after damage and is formed by large accumulations of ependymal cells, strong astrogliosis and perivascular pseudo-rosettes. We inform here of two additional mammals that lose the central canal during their lifetime: the Naked Mole-Rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber) and the mutant hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait) mice. The morphological study of their spinal cords shows that the tissue substituting the central canal is not similar to that found in humans. In both NMR and hyh mice, the central canal is replaced by tissue reminiscent of normal lamina X and may include small groups of ependymal cells in the midline, partially resembling specific domains of the former canal. However, no features of the adult human ependymal remnant are found, suggesting that this structure is a specific human trait. In order to shed some more light on the mechanism of human central canal closure, we provide new data suggesting that canal patency is lost by delamination of the ependymal epithelium, in a process that includes apical polarity loss and the expression of signaling mediators involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T21:45:16Z","timestamp":1630273516000},"page":"2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Structure of the Spinal Cord Ependymal Region in Adult Humans Is a Distinctive Trait among Mammals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Torrillas de la Cal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Paniagua-Torija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Arevalo-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Guy","family":"Faulkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jes\u00fas","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Gen\u00e9tica y Fisiolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidre","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d\u2019Anatomia Patol\u00f2gica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, 08908 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6693-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Molina-Holgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Garcia-Ovejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2679","article-title":"Injury-Induced Ctgfa Directs Glial Bridging and Spinal Cord Regeneration in Zebrafish","volume":"354","author":"Mokalled","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.01.001","article-title":"Neuronal Regeneration from Ependymo-Radial Glial Cells: Cook, Little Pot, Cook!","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. 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