{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T11:37:32Z","timestamp":1769859452446,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the realm Riboviria, order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus and the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. This viral disease is characterized by a myriad of varying symptoms, such as pyrexia, cough, hemoptysis, dyspnoea, diarrhea, muscle soreness, dysosmia, lymphopenia and dysgeusia amongst others. The virus mainly infects humans, various other mammals, avian species and some other companion livestock. SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry is primarily accomplished by molecular interaction between the virus\u2019s spike (S) protein and the host cell surface receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), although other host cell-associated receptors\/factors, such as neuropilin 1 (NRP-1) and neuropilin 2 (NRP-2), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), as well as proteases such as TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine protease 2) and furin, might also play a crucial role in infection, tropism, pathogenesis and clinical outcome. Furthermore, several structural and non-structural proteins of the virus themselves are very critical in determining the clinical outcome following infection. Considering such critical role(s) of the abovementioned host cell receptors, associated proteases\/factors and virus structural\/non-structural proteins (NSPs), it may be quite prudent to therapeutically target them through a multipronged clinical regimen to combat the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Host Cell and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Molecular Structures and Factors as Potential Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitendra Kumar","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110027, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0859-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohitash","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh 249201, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj Kumar","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee 247667, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110027, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Roshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110027, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2927-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizul","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan 173229, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Handu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh 249201, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7341-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramasare","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee 247667, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3736-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeraj","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avaneesh Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puneet","family":"Dhamija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh 249201, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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