{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:55:39Z","timestamp":1790474139204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retrospective observational studies have reported that statins improve clinical outcomes in patients previously treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeting monoclonal antibodies for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In multiple mouse cancer models, de novo synthesis of mevalonate and cholesterol inhibitors was found to synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether statins affect programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells. Four statins, namely simvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin, decreased PD-L1 expression in melanoma and lung cancer cells. In addition, we found that AKT and \u03b2-catenin signaling involved PD-L1 suppression by statins. Our cellular and molecular studies provide inspiring evidence for extending the clinical evaluation of statins for use in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor-based cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"2488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Statins Decrease Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) by Inhibiting AKT and \u03b2-Catenin Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Woo-Jin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8970-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yerin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Quan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hoon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jooho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"},{"name":"Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-2613","article-title":"The Role of Cholesterol in Cancer","volume":"76","author":"Kuzu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"The role of cholesterol metabolism in cancer","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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