{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:31:06Z","timestamp":1788892266541,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ7\/02066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ7\/02066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ7\/02066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ7\/02066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 700,000 people die per year due to suicide. Suicide risk factors include a previous suicide attempt and psychiatric disorders. The highest mortality rate in suicide worldwide is due to depression. Current evidence suggests that suicide etiopathogenesis is associated with neuroinflammation that activates the kynurenine pathway and causes subsequent serotonin depletion and stimulation of glutamate neurotransmission. These changes are accompanied by decreased BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels in the brain, which is often linked to impaired neuroplasticity and cognitive deficits. Most suicidal patients have a hyperactive hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis. Epigenetic mechanisms control the above-mentioned neurobiological changes associated with suicidal behaviour. Suicide risk could be attenuated by appropriate psychological treatment, electroconvulsive treatment, and drugs: lithium, ketamine, esketamine, clozapine. In this review, we present the etiopathogenesis of suicide behaviour and explore the mechanisms of action of anti-suicidal treatments, pinpointing similarities among them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T09:59:15Z","timestamp":1632391155000},"page":"2519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Neurobiological Basis of Increased Risk for Suicidal Behaviour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wis\u0142owska-Stanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Ko\u0142osowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Maciejak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.01.034","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites and suicidality","volume":"112","author":"Bryleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann, S. (2018). Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071425"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1220","article-title":"Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour","volume":"4","author":"Mann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764012444259","article-title":"Suicide in the absence of mental disorder? A review of psychological autopsy studies across countries","volume":"59","author":"Milner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.031","article-title":"Understanding epigenetic architecture of suicide neurobiology: A critical perspective","volume":"72","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Berardis, D., Fornaro, M., Valchera, A., Cavuto, M., Perna, G., Di Nicola, M., Serafini, G., Carano, A., Pompili, M., and Vellante, F. (2018). Eradicating suicide at its roots: Preclinical bases and clinical evidence of the efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of suicidal behaviors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102888"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000672","article-title":"Epidemiology of suicide: Recent developments","volume":"29","author":"Baldessarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0587-x","article-title":"Imaging suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A comprehensive review of 2 decades of neuroimaging studies","volume":"25","author":"Schmaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.016","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression and suicidality","volume":"235","author":"Bergfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002841","article-title":"A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt","volume":"47","author":"Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20128","article-title":"Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: A meta-review","volume":"13","author":"Chesney","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.010","article-title":"Serotonin receptors their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Meltzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06376-X","article-title":"Psychiatric illness and risk factors for suicide in Denmark","volume":"355","author":"Mortensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.2.392","article-title":"Migraine, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts","volume":"42","author":"Breslau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"221","article-title":"Suicide in patients with cancer: Identifying the risk factors","volume":"33","author":"McFarland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz063","article-title":"Candidate biomarkers of suicide crisis syndrome: What to test next? A concept paper","volume":"23","author":"Calati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_168","article-title":"Glutamine and new pharmacological targets to treat suicidal ideation","volume":"46","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.05.048","article-title":"Impulsivity, aggression and suicidal behavior in unipolar and bipolar disorders","volume":"134","author":"Perroud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006916","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour: An epidemiological and genetic study","volume":"28","author":"Statham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18080957","article-title":"GWAS of suicide attempt in psychiatric disorders and association with major depression polygenic risk scores","volume":"176","author":"Mullins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0340-2","article-title":"Genetic associations with suicide attempt severity and genetic overlap with major depression","volume":"9","author":"Levey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.06.078","article-title":"The role of stressful life events preceding death by suicide: Evidence from two samples of suicide decedents","volume":"256","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.075","article-title":"MicroRNAs in depression and suicide: Recent insights and future perspectives","volume":"240","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.10.008","article-title":"The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior","volume":"63","author":"Oquendo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"14635","article-title":"Biological bases of suicidal behaviours: A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Lengvenyte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.06.003","article-title":"The androgen model of suicide completion","volume":"172","author":"Lenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113390","article-title":"Trends in suicidal ideation over the first three months of COVID-19 lockdowns","volume":"293","author":"Killgore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30525-5","article-title":"Suicide in Northern Ireland: Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0597-8","article-title":"MicroRNA mediators of early life stress vulnerability to depression and suicidal behavior","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0171","article-title":"Understanding the complex of suicide in depression: From research to clinics","volume":"17","author":"Orsolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.248","article-title":"Connecting inflammation with glutamate agonism in suicidality","volume":"38","author":"Erhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between beck hopelessness scale and suicidal ideation: A short-term longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Sueki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2012.00122.x","article-title":"Suicide attempt risk in youths: Utility of the harkavy-asnis suicide scale for monitoring risk levels","volume":"42","author":"Asarnow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"253","article-title":"The child suicide potential scale: Inter-rater reliability and validity in Israeli in-patient adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Ofek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi, Y. (2012). Peripheral biomarkers for suicide. The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12215"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701754068","article-title":"A link between stress and depression: Shifts in the balance between the kynurenine and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism and the etiology and pathophysiology of depression","volume":"11","author":"Miura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12089","article-title":"Biological basis of suicide and suicidal behavior","volume":"15","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.112","article-title":"Understanding and predicting suicidality using a combined genomic and clinical risk assessment approach","volume":"20","author":"Niculescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.128","article-title":"Precision medicine for suicidality: From universality to subtypes and personalisation","volume":"22","author":"Niculescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.95","article-title":"Discovery and validation of blood biomarkers for suicidality","volume":"18","author":"Levey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-18","article-title":"The association between sleep disturbances and suicidal behaviors in patients with psychiatric diagnoses: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Malik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.-T., Lai, C.-H., Perng, H.-J., Chung, C.-H., Wang, C.-C., Chen, W.-L., and Chien, W.-C. (2018). Insomnia as an independent predictor of suicide attempts: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1702-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1160","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11r07586","article-title":"Meta-analysis of sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts and behaviors","volume":"73","author":"Pigeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.12.017","article-title":"Increased circulatory IL-6 during 8-week fluoxetine treatment is a risk factor for suicidal behaviors in youth","volume":"87","author":"Amitai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12831","article-title":"Annual research review: Suicide among youth\u2014epidemiology, (potential) etiology, and treatment","volume":"59","author":"Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.100","article-title":"An inflammatory profile linked to increased suicide risk","volume":"247","author":"Keaton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0781-y","article-title":"Biomarkers of sicide attempt behavior: Towards biological model of risk","volume":"19","author":"Sudol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.133","article-title":"An enzyme in the kynurenine pathway that governs vulnerability to suicidal behavior by regulating excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation","volume":"6","author":"Brundin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serafini, G., Parisi, V.M., Aguglia, A., Amerio, A., Sampogna, G., Fiorillo, A., Pompili, M., and Amore, M. (2020). A specific inflammatory profile underlying suicide risk? Systematic review of the main literature findings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072393"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181f8d513","article-title":"Severe depression, suicide attempts, and ideation during the use of interferon beta by patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Fragoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01393.x","article-title":"Suicide risk in hepatitis C and during interferon-alpha therapy: A review and clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Sockalingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.02.001","article-title":"Chemokines and chemokine receptors in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment: A systematic review of biomarker studies","volume":"42","author":"Stuart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500038f","article-title":"Effects of lithium on inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Nassar","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"205","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce suicidal ideation and depression","volume":"28","author":"Lehrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discov. Med"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13016","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment on major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms: Meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"139","author":"Lydholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2829-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatment of depression: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of vortioxetine augmented with celecoxib or placebo","volume":"19","author":"Fourrier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.10.021","article-title":"Modulation of the inflammatory response benefits treatment-resistant bipolar depression: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"261","author":"Halaris","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4997","article-title":"Suicide-related over-the-counter analgesic exposures reported to United States poison control centers, 2000\u20132018","volume":"29","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug. Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sas, K., Szab\u00f3, E., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2018). Mitochondria, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with a focus on ageing and neuroprotection. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010191"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.06.003","article-title":"Importance of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase for spontaneous firing and pharmacological responses of midbrain dopamine neurons: Relevance for schizophrenia","volume":"138","author":"Schwieler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nn835","article-title":"Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways","volume":"5","author":"Hardingham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.05.002","article-title":"Plasma kynurenine levels are elevated in suicide attempters with major depressive disorder","volume":"25","author":"Sublette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway: A finger in every pie","volume":"25","author":"Savitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00310-4","article-title":"Serotonin 1A receptors, serotonin transporter binding and serotonin transporter mRNA expression in the brainstem of depressed suicide victims","volume":"25","author":"Arango","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770100055005","article-title":"5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid. A biochemical suicide predictor?","volume":"33","author":"Asberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00319.x","article-title":"A prospective study of the association of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels with lethality of suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"8","author":"Sher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-013-0120-7","article-title":"Neurobiological aspects of suicide and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder","volume":"4","author":"Mathews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.03.013","article-title":"Serotonergic genes and suicide: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Antypa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.06.020","article-title":"Region-specific alterations in glucocorticoid receptor expression in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide victims","volume":"38","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14020194","article-title":"Toward a biosignature for suicide","volume":"171","author":"Oquendo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00170-4","article-title":"Serotonin receptors in suicide victims with major depression","volume":"16","author":"Stockmeier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200010010-00003","article-title":"Tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms in suicide victims","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-015-0179-z","article-title":"Association between BDNF levels and suicidal behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Eisen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.033","article-title":"Epigenetics in suicide and depression","volume":"66","author":"Autry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misztak, P., Pa\u0144czyszyn-Trzewik, P., Nowak, G., and Sowa-Ku\u0107ma, M. (2020). Epigenetic marks and their relationship with BDNF in the brain of suicide victims. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239335"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00706","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.706","article-title":"Decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor at plasma level but not in serum concentrations in suicide behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0108-z","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotonin abnormalities: A selective overview for the implications of suicide prevention","volume":"260","author":"Pompili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00437.x","article-title":"Antidepressants and suicidal behaviour in unipolar depression","volume":"110","author":"Yerevanian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.06.011","article-title":"Epigenetics and suicidal behavior research pathways","volume":"47","author":"Turecki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardelli, I., Serafini, G., Cortese, N., Fiasch\u00e8, F., O\u2019Connor, R.C., and Pompili, M. (2020). The involvement of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in suicide risk. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090653"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.12.018","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in the CRH gene are related to severity of suicide attempt and a general psychiatric risk score in adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Jokinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4734-03.2004","article-title":"Dysregulation in the suicide brain: mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors and GABA (A) receptor subunits in frontal cortical brain region","volume":"24","author":"Merali","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.04.015","article-title":"Increased protein and mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), decreased CRF receptors and CRF binding protein in specific postmortem brain areas of teenage suicide subjects","volume":"106","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32479","article-title":"A targeted sequencing study of glutamatergic candidate genes in suicide attempters with bipolar disorder","volume":"171","author":"Gaynor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.08.009","article-title":"Zinc, magnesium and NMDA receptor alterations in the hippocampus of suicide victims","volume":"151","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Choi, K.-H., Baykiz, A.F., and Gershenfeld, H.K. (2007). Suicide candidate genes associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: An exploratory gene expression profiling analysis of post-mortem prefrontal cortex. BMC Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-413"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sequeira, A., Mamdani, F., Ernst, C., Vawter, M.P., Bunney, W.E., Lebel, V., Rehal, S., Klempan, T., Gratton, A., and Benkelfat, C. (2009). Global brain gene expression analysis links glutamatergic and GAB aergic alterations to suicide and major depression. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006585"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32423","article-title":"A pilot integrative genomics study of GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter systems in suicide, suicidal behavior, and major depressive disorder","volume":"171B","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.02.003.2010","article-title":"Altered organization of GABAA receptor mRNA expression in the depressed suicide brain","volume":"3","author":"Poulter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.126","article-title":"Interactions of the GABRG2 polymorphisms and childhood trauma on suicide attempt and related traits in depressed patients","volume":"266","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00342-4","article-title":"Decreased platelet peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in adolescent inpatients with repeated suicide attempts","volume":"46","author":"Soreni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17564","article-title":"Cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids, and suicide risk: Empirical evidence and pathophysiological hypotheses","volume":"69","author":"Brunner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(95)00672-9","article-title":"Low serum cholesterol in suicide attempters","volume":"41","author":"Kunugi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_163","article-title":"Lipids and suicide risk","volume":"46","author":"Sublette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00166-6","article-title":"Clinical application of low serum cholesterol as an indicator for suicide risk in major depression","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0162-1","article-title":"Disentangling the genetic overlap between cholesterol and suicide risk","volume":"43","author":"Knowles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6747.309","article-title":"Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: A quantitative review of primary prevention trials","volume":"301","author":"Muldoon","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30311-4","article-title":"Associations between statin use and suicidality, depression, anxiety, and seizures: A Swedish total-population cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Molero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712001587","article-title":"Analysis of oxysterols and cholesterol in prefrontal cortex of suicides","volume":"16","author":"Freemantle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3449-2_1","article-title":"Epigenetics in health and disease","volume":"1253","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2019.392","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in suicide victims: Identification of new candidate genes","volume":"31","author":"Kouter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.028","article-title":"GABAA receptor promoter hypermethylation in suicide brain: Implications for the involvement of epigenetic processes","volume":"64","author":"Poulter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2012.00865.x","article-title":"Genetic variation in DNMT3B and increased global DNA methylation is associated with suicide attempts in psychiatric patients","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes. Brain. Behav."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.03.005","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiling of lymphoblasts from bipolar disorder patients who died by suicide, pathway analysis and integration with postmortem brain findings","volume":"34","author":"Squassina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-020-00464-9","article-title":"Exploiting circulating microRNAs as biomarkers in psychiatric disorders","volume":"24","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smalheiser, N.R., Lugli, G., Rizavi, H.S., Torvik, V.I., Turecki, G., and Dwivedi, Y. (2012). MicroRNA expression is down-regulated and reorganised in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033201"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002110","article-title":"Altered expression of genes involved in ATP biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicides with and without major depression","volume":"14","author":"Klempan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0792-z","article-title":"Altered anterior cingulate glutamatergic metabolism in depressed adolescents with current suicidal ideation","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597770","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.597770","article-title":"Discriminating suicide attempters and predicting suicide risk using altered frontolimbic resting-state functional connectivity in patients with bipolar II disorder","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0304","article-title":"Lithium treatment reduces suicide risk in recurrent major depressive disorder","volume":"68","author":"Guzzetta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00234-2","article-title":"Suicide and suicidal behaviour","volume":"387","author":"Turecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.010","article-title":"Replication of ketamine\u2019s antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: A randomised controlled add-on trial","volume":"71","author":"Zarate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.563","article-title":"Cognitive therapy for the prevention of suicide attempts","volume":"294","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.08.037","article-title":"Emerging trends in adolescent suicide prevention research","volume":"22","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1902944","article-title":"Suicide","volume":"382","author":"Fazel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2019.1693351","article-title":"Suicide in the pediatric population: Screening, risk assessment and treatment","volume":"32","author":"Cwik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000665","article-title":"Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on short-term suicide mortality in a risk-matched patient population","volume":"36","author":"Peltzman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000330","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety of electroconvulsive therapy use during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Calaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.972373","article-title":"Electroconvulsive treatment during pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Pompili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.10.047","article-title":"Clinical and biological predictors of response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): A review","volume":"669","author":"Pinna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12906","article-title":"Effects of electroconvulsive therapy in the systemic inflammatory balance of patients with severe mental disorder","volume":"73","author":"Bioque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00344.x","article-title":"Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: A meta-analytic review","volume":"8","author":"Baldessarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2016.02.006","article-title":"Lithium and suicide prevention in bipolar disorder","volume":"42","author":"Benard","year":"2016","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12543","article-title":"Lithium and suicide in mood disorders: Updated meta-review of the scientific literature","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.09R02CR","article-title":"Lithium and neuropsychiatric therapeutics: Neuroplasticity via. glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, beta-catenin, and neurotrophin cascades","volume":"110","author":"Wada","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f3646","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3646","article-title":"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Cipriani","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"574","article-title":"Clozapine: Promising treatment for suicidality in bipolar disorder","volume":"31","author":"Wilkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0596-7853","article-title":"Antisuicidal effects in mood disorders: Are they unique to lithium?","volume":"51","author":"Tondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0039-0","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder","volume":"27","author":"Malhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.129","article-title":"Inflammation and lithium: Clues to mechanisms contributing to suicide-linked traits","volume":"4","author":"Beurel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01144-1","article-title":"The effects of lithium on ex vivo cytokine production","volume":"50","author":"Rapaport","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001111","article-title":"Chronic lithium downregulates cyclooxygenase-2 activity and prostaglandin E2 concentration in rat brain","volume":"7","author":"Bosetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.06.012","article-title":"Existing and novel biological therapeutics in suicide prevention","volume":"47","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"245","article-title":"Diminished suicidal and aggressive behavior, high plasma norepinephrine levels, and serum triglyceride levels in chronic neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic patients maintained on clozapine","volume":"21","author":"Spivak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby052","article-title":"Clozapine and long-term mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies lasting 1.1\u201312.5 years","volume":"45","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0432-z","article-title":"Chronic neuroleptic treatment reduces endogenous kynurenic acid levels in rat brain","volume":"113","author":"Rassoulpour","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2019_91","article-title":"Inflammation, antipsychotic drugs, and evidence for effectiveness of anti-inflammatory agents in schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Pandurangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052811","article-title":"Molecular pharmacology and neurobiology of rapid-acting antidepressants","volume":"59","author":"Gould","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14344.1","article-title":"Ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: A new era in the battle against depression and suicide","volume":"7","author":"Duman","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100227","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100227","article-title":"Could ketamine be the answer to treating treatment-resistant major depressive disorder?","volume":"33","author":"Ramadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.123","article-title":"Is ketamine an appropriate alternative to ECT for patients with treatment resistant depression? A systematic review","volume":"281","author":"Veraart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.07.027","article-title":"Improvement in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion: Relationship to reductions in depression and anxiety","volume":"58","author":"Ballard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045125320916657","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320916657","article-title":"Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Matveychuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.033","article-title":"Microglial production of quinolinic acid as a target and a biomarker of the antidepressant effect of ketamine","volume":"81","author":"Verdonk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0061-1","article-title":"Antidepressant drugs and the risk of suicide in children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Isacsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199308030-00002","article-title":"Antidepressant drugs and the emergence of suicidal tendencies","volume":"8","author":"Teicher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.332","article-title":"Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs","volume":"63","author":"Hammad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"94","article-title":"Antidepressants and suicidal risk","volume":"60","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.410","article-title":"Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death","volume":"303","author":"Patorno","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12091","article-title":"Suicide risk in people with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs","volume":"15","author":"Mula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.08.012","article-title":"Addiction counselors and suicide: Education and experience do not improve suicide knowledge, beliefs, or confidence in treating suicidal clients","volume":"106","author":"Fruhbauerova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-020-0181-1","article-title":"Substance use disorders and risk of suicide in a general US population: A case control study","volume":"15","author":"Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12621","article-title":"Interpersonal risk factors for suicide in cocaine dependence: Association with self-esteem, personality traits, and childhood abuse","volume":"50","author":"Zhornitsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v10n03_06","article-title":"Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arensman, E., Bennardi, M., Larkin, C., Wall, A., McAuliffe, C., McCarthy, J., Williamson, E., and Perry, I. (2016). Suicide among young people and adults in Ireland: Method characteristics, toxicological analysis and substance abuse histories compared. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166881"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masferrer, L., and Caparr\u00f3s, B. (2017). Risk of suicide and dysfunctional patterns of personality among bereaved substance users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030316"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasota, D., Al-Wathinani, A., Krajewski, P., Mirowska-Guzel, D., Goniewicz, K., Hertelendy, A.J., Alhazmi, R.A., Paw\u0142owski, W., Khorram-Manesh, A., and Goniewicz, M. (2020). Alcohol and the risk of railway suicide. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197003"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418070-00002","article-title":"Suicide in alcohol-dependent individuals: Epidemiology and management","volume":"18","author":"Pirkola","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.007","article-title":"A literature review and meta-analyses of cannabis use and suicidality","volume":"195","author":"Borges","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2113025","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13025","article-title":"Associations of suicidality trends with cannabis use as a function of sex and depression status","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/10\/2519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:03:55Z","timestamp":1760166235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/10\/2519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10102519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10102519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}}}