{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:40:12Z","timestamp":1789753212081,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EC1901A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EC1901A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018_A03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018_A03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010275","name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Muskelkranke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ru2\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ru2\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pulmonary affection (PA) is associated with a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). However, the underlying immune mechanisms of PA remain enigmatic and prompt deeper immunological analyses. Importantly, the Janus-faced role of natural killer (NK) cells, capable of pro-inflammatory as well as regulatory effects, might be of interest for the pathophysiologic understanding of PA in IIM. Methods: To extend our understanding of immunological alterations in IIM patients with PA, we compared the signatures of NK cells in peripheral blood using multi-color flow cytometry in IIM patients with (n = 12, of which anti-synthetase syndrome = 8 and dermatomyositis = 4) or without PA (n = 12). Results: We did not observe any significant differences for B cells, CD4, and CD8 T cells, while total NK cell numbers in IIM patients with PA were reduced compared to non-PA patients. NK cell alterations were driven by a particular decrease of CD56dim NK cells, while CD56bright NK cells remained unchanged. Comparisons of the cell surface expression of a large panel of NK receptors revealed an increased mean fluorescence intensity of NKG2D+ on NK cells from patients with PA compared with non-PA patients, especially on the CD56dim subset. NKG2D+ and NKp46+ cell surface levels were associated with reduced vital capacity, serving as a surrogate marker for clinical severity of PA. Conclusion: Our data illustrate that PA in IIM is associated with alterations of the NK cell repertoire, suggesting a relevant contribution of NK cells in certain IIMs, which might pave the way for NK cell-targeted therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T10:39:20Z","timestamp":1632739160000},"page":"2551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["NK Cell Patterns in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies with Pulmonary Affection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Pawlitzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Nelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leoni","family":"Rolfes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hasseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stylianos","family":"Tomaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Helios Fachklinik Vogelsang-Gommern, 39245 Gommern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugen","family":"Feist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Helios Fachklinik Vogelsang-Gommern, 39245 Gommern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Sch\u00e4nzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"R\u00e4uber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesa","family":"Regner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Preu\u00dfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Charite Medical Faculty Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Allenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Sorbonne University, APHP, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Myology Research Centre, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Benveniste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Sorbonne University, APHP, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Myology Research Centre, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Wiendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Stenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Charite Medical Faculty Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven G.","family":"Meuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Ruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0731-7","article-title":"Management of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Myositis Specific Autoantibodies","volume":"20","author":"Mecoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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