{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:36:25Z","timestamp":1791941785244,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The heart tissue is a potential target of various noxae contributing to the onset of cardiovascular diseases. However, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Human stem cell-derived models are promising, but a major concern is cell immaturity when estimating risks for adults. In this study, 3D aggregates of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were cultivated for 300 days and characterized regarding degree of maturity, structure, and cell composition. Furthermore, effects of ionizing radiation (X-rays, 0.1\u20132 Gy) on matured aggregates were investigated, representing one of the noxae that are challenging to assess. Video-based functional analyses were correlated to changes in the proteome after irradiation. Cardiomyocytes reached maximum maturity after 100 days in cultivation, judged by \u03b1-actinin lengths, and displayed typical multinucleation and branching. At this time, aggregates contained all major cardiac cell types, proven by the patch-clamp technique. Matured and X-ray-irradiated aggregates revealed a subtle increase in beat rates and a more arrhythmic sequence of cellular depolarisation and repolarisation compared to non-irradiated sham controls. The proteome analysis provides first insights into signaling mechanisms contributing to cardiotoxicity. Here, we propose an in vitro model suitable to screen various noxae to target adult cardiotoxicity by preserving all the benefits of a 3D tissue culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"2608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Human 3D Cardiomyocyte Risk Model to Study the Cardiotoxic Influence of X-rays and Other Noxae in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Timo","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Biology Department, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Schickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Azimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Radiation Biology, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"von Toerne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science, 80939 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1082-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insa S.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virani, S.S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E.J., Bittencourt, M.S., Callaway, C.W., Carson, A.P., Chamberlain, A.M., Chang, A.R., Cheng, S., and Delling, F.N. 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