{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:14:25Z","timestamp":1791000865157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2221-E-005-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-005-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ENgineering in Agriculture Biotech LEadership","award":["110ST001G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110ST001G"]}]},{"name":"SFB","award":["1190 P17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1190 P17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. Recent studies have also explored the potential application of EVs in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EVs regulate melanoma development, progression, and their potentials to be applied in therapy. We initially describe vesicle components; discuss their effects on proliferation, anti-melanoma immunity, and drug resistance; and finally focus on the effects of EV-derived microRNAs on melanoma pathobiology. This work aims to facilitate our understanding of the influence of EVs on melanoma biology and initiate ideas for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T09:10:49Z","timestamp":1634202649000},"page":"2740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ying-Chen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-An","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsu-Min","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Bogeski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Lin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ling","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4692-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Min David","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2019.05.009","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and cutaneous melanoma in skin of color patients","volume":"37","author":"Hogue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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