{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:55:25Z","timestamp":1783338925920,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Exceptional Research Projects (PER) Coronavirus"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Exceptional Research Projects (PER) Coronavirus"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in a wide series of physiological processes, among which inflammation and blood pressure regulation. One of its key components, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, has been identified as the entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the host cells, and therefore a lot of research has been devoted to study RAS dysregulation in COVID-19. Here we discuss the alterations of the regulatory RAS axes due to SARS-CoV-2 infection on the basis of a series of recent clinical investigations and experimental analyzes quantifying, e.g., the levels and activity of RAS components. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of these data in view of disentangling the links between the impaired RAS functioning and the pathophysiological characteristics of COVID-19. We also review the effects of several RAS-targeting drugs and how they could potentially help restore the normal RAS functionality and minimize the COVID-19 severity. Finally, we discuss the conflicting evidence found in the literature and the open questions on RAS dysregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection whose resolution would improve our understanding of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1634251338000},"page":"2755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Quantifying Renin-Angiotensin-System Alterations in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Pucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3BIO\u2014Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"(IB)<sup>2<\/sup>\u2014Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Annoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robson Augusto Souza","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Silvio","family":"Taccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3810-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Rooman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3BIO\u2014Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"(IB)<sup>2<\/sup>\u2014Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Raizada, M.K., Phillips, M.I., and Sumners, C. 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