{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:58:41Z","timestamp":1781967521048,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67011-29543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67011-29543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67012-29714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67012-29714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67015-31016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67015-31016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U42OD011140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42OD011140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetically modified pigs have become valuable tools for generating advances in animal agriculture and human medicine. Importantly, in vitro production and manipulation of embryos is an essential step in the process of creating porcine models. As the in vitro environment is still suboptimal, it is imperative to examine the porcine embryo culture system from several angles to identify methods for improvement. Understanding metabolic characteristics of porcine embryos and considering comparisons with other mammalian species is useful for optimizing culture media formulations. Furthermore, stressors arising from the environment and maternal or paternal factors must be taken into consideration to produce healthy embryos in vitro. In this review, we progress stepwise through in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture in pigs to assess the status of current culture systems and address points where improvements can be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:13:32Z","timestamp":1634512412000},"page":"2770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Challenges and Considerations during In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula R.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany K.","family":"Redel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl C.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee D.","family":"Spate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6012-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall S.","family":"Prather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718004115","article-title":"Inactivation of porcine interleukin-1beta results in failure of rapid conceptus elongation","volume":"115","author":"Whyte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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