{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T18:07:02Z","timestamp":1781114822122,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological disease that is still not curable. The bone marrow milieu, with cellular and non-cellular elements, participate in the creation of a pro-tumoral environment enhancing growth and survival of MM plasma cells. Exosomes are vesicles oscillating in dimension between 50 nm and 100 nm in size that can be released by various cells and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of MM. Exosomes enclose proteins, cytokines, lipids, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs able to regulate interactions between MM plasma cells and adjacent cells. Through exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells confer chemoresistance to MM cells, while myeloma cells promote angiogenesis, influence immune response, cause bone lesions, and have an impact on the outcome of MM patients. In this review, we analyze the role played by exosomes in the progression of monoclonal gammopathies and the effects on the proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells, and discuss the possible employment of exosomes as potential targets for the treatment of MM patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:06:16Z","timestamp":1635113176000},"page":"2865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Multiple Myeloma Cell-Derived Exosomes: Implications on Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Allegra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9224-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Di Gioacchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Clinical Physiology Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Petrarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy"},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Clinical Physiology Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived exosomes: A message in a bottle","volume":"1826","author":"Kharaziha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. 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