{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:59:29Z","timestamp":1777517969907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with primary antibody deficiencies are at risk in the current COVID-19 pandemic due to their impaired response to infection and vaccination. Specifically, patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) generated poor spike-specific antibody and T cell responses after immunization. Methods: Thirty-four CVID convalescent patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 38 CVID patients immunized with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and 20 SARS-CoV-2 CVID convalescents later and immunized with BNT162b2 were analyzed for the anti-spike IgG production and the generation of spike-specific memory B cells and T cells. Results: Spike-specific IgG was induced more frequently after infection than after vaccination (82% vs. 34%). The antibody response was boosted in convalescents by vaccination. Although immunized patients generated atypical memory B cells possibly by extra-follicular or incomplete germinal center reactions, convalescents responded to infection by generating spike-specific memory B cells that were improved by the subsequent immunization. Poor spike-specific T cell responses were measured independently from the immunological challenge. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection primed a more efficient classical memory B cell response, whereas the BNT162b2 vaccine induced non-canonical B cell responses in CVID. Natural infection responses were boosted by subsequent immunization, suggesting the possibility to further stimulate the immune response by additional vaccine doses in CVID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1635372023000},"page":"2915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["B Cell Response Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Boosted by the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Primary Antibody Deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ane","family":"Fernandez Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2581-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Milito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Terreri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Piano Mortari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Quintarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Cecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lagnese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Punziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Guercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Materno-Infantile e Scienze Urologiche, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Spadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Carsetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Quinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0464-9","article-title":"International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity","volume":"38","author":"Picard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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