{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:07Z","timestamp":1787027827092,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":370,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KE 2179\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KE 2179\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TS 303\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TS 303\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Collaborative Research Centre 1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Collaborative Research Centre 1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017_A22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017_A22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), commonly caused by high energy trauma in young active patients, is frequently accompanied by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although combined trauma results in inferior clinical outcomes and a higher mortality rate, the understanding of the pathophysiological interaction of co-occurring TSCI and TBI remains limited. This review provides a detailed overview of the local and systemic alterations due to TSCI and TBI, which severely affect the autonomic and sensory nervous system, immune response, the blood\u2013brain and spinal cord barrier, local perfusion, endocrine homeostasis, posttraumatic metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Because currently developed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapeutic strategies for TSCI provide only mild benefit, this review raises awareness of the impact of TSCI\u2013TBI interaction on TSCI pathophysiology and MSC treatment. Therefore, we propose that unravelling the underlying pathophysiology of TSCI with concomitant TBI will reveal promising pharmacological targets and therapeutic strategies for regenerative therapies, further improving MSC therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1635805268000},"page":"2955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Future Perspectives in Spinal Cord Repair: Brain as Saviour? TSCI with Concurrent TBI: Pathophysiological Interaction and Impact on MSC Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7473-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"K\u00f6hli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9394-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Jacqueline","family":"Reisener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6351-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessika","family":"Appelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8925-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopaedics, Martinistra\u00dfe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0885-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Pumberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at 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