{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:25:59Z","timestamp":1791498359736,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels. In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15\u2013GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiac effects. Metabolic and behavioral outcomes of GDF15 signaling can be beneficial or detrimental, likely depending on the magnitude and duration of the GDF15 signal. This is especially apparent for GDF15 production in muscle, which can be induced both by exercise and by muscle disease states such as sarcopenia and mitochondrial myopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T17:59:38Z","timestamp":1635962378000},"page":"2990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Johann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Muscle Physiology and Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Kleinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Muscle Physiology and Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany"},{"name":"Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8726-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Klaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022020-045449","article-title":"The GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Health and Metabolic Disease: Friend or Foe?","volume":"83","author":"Breit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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