{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:24:07Z","timestamp":1771035847434,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bronchial vascular endothelial network plays important roles in pulmonary pathology during respiratory viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A(H1N1) and importantly SARS-Cov-2. All of these infections can be severe and even lethal in patients with underlying risk factors.A major obstacle in disease prevention is the lack of appropriate efficacious vaccine(s) due to continuous changes in the encoding capacity of the viral genome, exuberant responsiveness of the host immune system and lack of effective antiviral drugs. Current management of these severe respiratory viral infections is limited to supportive clinical care. The primary cause of morbidity and mortality is respiratory failure, partially due to endothelial pulmonary complications, including edema. The latter is induced by the loss of alveolar epithelium integrity and by pathological changes in the endothelial vascular network that regulates blood flow, blood fluidity, exchange of fluids, electrolytes, various macromolecules and responses to signals triggered by oxygenation, and controls trafficking of leukocyte immune cells. This overview outlines the latest understanding of the implications of pulmonary vascular endothelium involvement in respiratory distress syndrome secondary to viral infections. In addition, the roles of infection-induced cytokines, growth factors, and epigenetic reprogramming in endothelial permeability, as well as emerging treatment options to decrease disease burden, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:41:14Z","timestamp":1636317674000},"page":"3067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Endothelial Dysfunction through Oxidatively Generated Epigenetic Mark in Respiratory Viral Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spiros","family":"Vlahopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Horemeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2137-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istvan","family":"Boldogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2171","article-title":"Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Pober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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