{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:56:10Z","timestamp":1789073770043,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 4791-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 4791-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB F7810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB F7810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED 79\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED 79\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpha-synucleinopathies comprise progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). They all exhibit the same pathological hallmark, which is the formation of \u03b1-synuclein positive deposits in neuronal or glial cells. The aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein in the cell body of neurons, giving rise to the so-called Lewy bodies (LBs), is the major characteristic for PD and DLB, whereas the accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein in oligodendroglial cells, so-called glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), is the hallmark for MSA. The mechanisms involved in the intracytoplasmic inclusion formation in neuronal and oligodendroglial cells are not fully understood to date. A possible mechanism could be an impaired autophagic machinery that cannot cope with the high intracellular amount of \u03b1-synuclein. In fact, different studies showed that reduced autophagy is involved in \u03b1-synuclein aggregation. Furthermore, altered levels of different autophagy markers were reported in PD, DLB, and MSA brains. To date, the trigger point in disease initiation is not entirely clear; that is, whether autophagy dysfunction alone suffices to increase \u03b1-synuclein or whether \u03b1-synuclein is the pathogenic driver. In the current review, we discuss the involvement of defective autophagy machinery in the formation of \u03b1-synuclein aggregates, propagation of \u03b1-synuclein, and the resulting neurodegenerative processes in \u03b1-synucleinopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T08:10:22Z","timestamp":1636704622000},"page":"3143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Autophagy in \u03b1-Synucleinopathies\u2014An Overstrained System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-1199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Fellner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Gabassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Haybaeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Edenhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.7.1253","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Megacolon","volume":"37","author":"Kupsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687767","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: The Presence of Lewy Bodies in Auerbach\u2019s and Meissner\u2019s Plexuses","volume":"76","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90079-9","article-title":"Esophageal Lewy Bodies Associated with Ganglion Cell Loss in Achalasia: Similarity to Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"87","author":"Qualman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06900.x","article-title":"The \u03b1-Synucleinopathies: Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"920","author":"Spillantini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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