{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:55:42Z","timestamp":1787504142077,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017SNRXH3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SNRXH3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Excellence Departments (Legge 232\/2016, Articolo 1, Comma 314-337)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Excellence Departments (Legge 232\/2016, Articolo 1, Comma 314-337)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal neurodegeneration affects an increasing number of people worldwide causing vision impairments and blindness, reducing quality of life, and generating a great economic challenge. Due to the complexity of the tissue, and the diversity of retinal neurodegenerative diseases in terms of etiology and clinical presentation, so far, there are no cures and only a few early pathological markers have been identified. Increasing efforts have been made to identify and potentiate endogenous protective mechanisms or to abolish detrimental stress responses to preserve retinal structure and function. The discovering of the intracellular monomeric globin neuroglobin (NGB), found at high concentration in the retina, has opened new possibilities for the treatment of retinal disease. Indeed, the NGB capability to reversibly bind oxygen and its neuroprotective function against several types of insults including oxidative stress, ischemia, and neurodegenerative conditions have raised the interest in the possible role of the globin as oxygen supplier in the retina and as a target for retinal neurodegeneration. Here, we provide the undercurrent knowledge on NGB distribution in retinal layers and the evidence about the connection between NGB level modulation and the functional outcome in terms of retinal neuroprotection to provide a novel therapeutic\/preventive target for visual pathway degenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"3200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neuroglobin in Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Potential Target in Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Virginia","family":"Solar Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global Causes of Blindness and Distance Vision Impairment 1990\u20132020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in Prevalence of Blindness and Distance and near Vision Impairment over 30 Years: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piano, I., Di Paolo, M., Corsi, F., Piragine, E., Bisti, S., Gargini, C., and Di Marco, S. (2021). Retinal Neurodegeneration: Correlation between Nutraceutical Treatment and Animal Model. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030770"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.283498","article-title":"Neuroprotective Therapy for Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases by Stem Cell Secretome","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001","article-title":"Cellular Responses Following Retinal Injuries and Therapeutic Approaches for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"43","author":"Cuenca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration and Precision Therapy in Retinal Disease","volume":"11","author":"Micera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.10.004","article-title":"Neuroglobin: From Structure to Function in Health and Disease","volume":"52","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108823","article-title":"Neuroglobin and Mitochondria: The Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"701","author":"Fiocchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/35035093","article-title":"A Vertebrate Globin Expressed in the Brain","volume":"407","author":"Burmester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, J., and Olitsky, S. (2011). Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina. Pediatric Retina, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12041-1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2016.17.5.664","article-title":"Eye Globe Abnormalities on MR and CT in Adults: An Anatomical Approach","volume":"17","author":"Hallinan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willermain, F., Libert, S., Motulsky, E., Salik, D., Caspers, L., Perret, J., and Delporte, C. (2014). Origins and Consequences of Hyperosmolar Stress in Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00199"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-015-0931-y","article-title":"Retinal Oxygen Distribution and the Role of Neuroglobin","volume":"73","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.1139\/y92-257","article-title":"Energy Requirements of CNS Cells as Related to Their Function and to Their Vulnerability to Ischemia: A Commentary Based on Studies on Retina","volume":"70","author":"Ames","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"99","article-title":"Energy Metabolism of the Visual System","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20660","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501338200","article-title":"Divergent Distribution in Vascular and Avascular Mammalian Retinae Links Neuroglobin to Cellular Respiration","volume":"280","author":"Bentmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dowling, J.E. (1987). Review of The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain, The Belknap Press (Harvard University Press)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12203","article-title":"Genes and Mutations Causing Retinitis Pigmentosa","volume":"84","author":"Daiger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211795860080","article-title":"Editorial [Hot Topic: Clinics, Epidemiology and Genetics of Retinitis Pigmentosa (Guest Editor: Francesco Parmeggiani)]","volume":"12","author":"Parmeggiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005","article-title":"Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Relationships between the Photoreceptor\/Retinal Pigment Epithelium\/Bruch\u2019s Membrane\/Choriocapillaris Complex","volume":"33","author":"Bhutto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181405d4f","article-title":"Rodent Models for Glaucoma Retinopathy and Optic Neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.024","article-title":"Biomechanical Assessment in Models of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy","volume":"141","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135728","article-title":"Under Pressure: Cellular and Molecular Responses During Glaucoma, a Common Neurodegeneration with Axonopathy","volume":"35","author":"Nickells","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma: A Review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.07.061","article-title":"Restricted Expression of Neuroglobin in the Mouse Retina and Co-Localization with Melanopsin and Tyrosine Hydroxylase","volume":"425","author":"Hundahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1107\/S1399004714000078","article-title":"The Crystal Structure of Wild-Type Human Brain Neuroglobin Reveals Flexibility of the Disulfide Bond That Regulates Oxygen Affinity","volume":"70","author":"Hamdane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38949","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106438200","article-title":"Biochemical Characterization and Ligand Binding Properties of Neuroglobin, a Novel Member of the Globin Family","volume":"276","author":"Dewilde","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309396200","article-title":"The Redox State of the Cell Regulates the Ligand Binding Affinity of Human Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin","volume":"278","author":"Hamdane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2003.10.013","article-title":"The Human Brain Hexacoordinated Neuroglobin Three-Dimensional Structure","volume":"35","author":"Pesce","year":"2004","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.20113","article-title":"The Structure of Murine Neuroglobin: Novel Pathways for Ligand Migration and Binding","volume":"56","author":"Vallone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1267","article-title":"Mammalian Nerve Globins in Search of Functions","volume":"66","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070372","article-title":"Reactivity and Endogenous Modification by Nitrite and Hydrogen Peroxide: Does Human Neuroglobin Act Only as a Scavenger?","volume":"407","author":"Nicolis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.000729","article-title":"What Is the Function of Neuroglobin?","volume":"212","author":"Burmester","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209909200","article-title":"How Does the Eye Breathe? Evidence for neuroglobin-mediated oxygen supply in the mammalian retina","volume":"278","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.44","article-title":"Neuroglobin Gene Therapy Prevents Optic Atrophy and Preserves Durably Visual Function in Harlequin Mice","volume":"22","author":"Lechauve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.08.015","article-title":"Neuroglobin Is an Endogenous Neuroprotectant for Retinal Ganglion Cells against Glaucomatous Damage","volume":"179","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7408","article-title":"Neuroglobin Protection in Retinal Ischemia","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.09.009","article-title":"Neuroglobin Involvement in Respiratory Chain Function and Retinal Ganglion Cell Integrity","volume":"1823","author":"Lechauve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.03.047","article-title":"Neuroglobin and Prion Cellular Localization: Investigation of a Potential Interaction","volume":"388","author":"Lechauve","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0465","article-title":"Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin: Oxygen-Binding Proteins in Retinal Neurons","volume":"47","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.11.1530","article-title":"Patterns of Distribution of Oxygen-Binding Globins, Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin in Human Retina","volume":"126","author":"Syed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.093930","article-title":"Neuroglobin in Normal Retina and Retina from Eyes with Advanced Glaucoma","volume":"91","author":"Rajendram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.02.021","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Fish Neuroglobin: Zebrafish Neuroglobin Is Highly Expressed in Amacrine Cells after Optic Nerve Injury and Can Translocate into ZF4 Cells","volume":"1834","author":"Kamioka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.04.014","article-title":"Neuroglobin Involvement in Visual Pathways through the Optic Nerve","volume":"1834","author":"Lechauve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500037794","article-title":"The Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin\u2014A Clue to Their Function?","volume":"56","author":"Hankeln","year":"2004","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.02.072","article-title":"Neuron-Specific Expression of Neuroglobin in Mammals","volume":"362","author":"Laufs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.09.127","article-title":"A Novel Function of Neuroglobin for Neuroregeneration in Mice after Optic Nerve Injury","volume":"493","author":"Sugitani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8506-7","article-title":"Neuroglobin Promotes Neurite Outgrowth via Differential Binding to PTEN and Akt","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.006","article-title":"Effect of Aging on Neuroglobin Expression in Rodent Brain","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"223","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol\u2014A New Modulator of Neuroglobin Levels in Neurons: Role in Neuroprotection against H2O2-Induced Toxicity","volume":"18","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"NSG"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.01.015","article-title":"Neuroglobin and Neuronal Cell Survival","volume":"1834","author":"Fiocchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.30","article-title":"Neuroglobin Upregulation Induced by 17 \u03b2 -Estradiol Sequesters Cytocrome c in the Mitochondria Preventing H 2 O 2 -Induced Apoptosis of Neuroblastoma Cells","volume":"4","author":"Fiocchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21002","article-title":"In Vivo Expression of Neuroglobin in Reactive Astrocytes during Neuropathology in Murine Models of Traumatic Brain Injury, Cerebral Malaria, and Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"58","author":"DellaValle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.01.080","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 and Neuroglobin Expression","volume":"514","author":"Haines","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.047","article-title":"Neuroglobin MRNA Expression after Transient Global Brain Ischemia and Prolonged Hypoxia in Cell Culture","volume":"1103","author":"Haberkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiocchetti, M., Cipolletti, M., Leone, S., Naldini, A., Carraro, F., Giordano, D., Verde, C., Ascenzi, P., and Marino, M. (2016). Neuroglobin in Breast Cancer Cells: Effect of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress on Protein Level, Localization, and Anti-Apoptotic Function. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154959"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13066995","article-title":"Neuroglobin, a Novel Target for Endogenous Neuroprotection against Stroke and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiocchetti, M., Cipolletti, M., and Marino, M. (2017). Compensatory Role of Neuroglobin in Nervous and Non-Nervous Cancer Cells in Response to the Nutrient Deprivation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189179"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"393","article-title":"Expression of Neuroglobin in Ocular Hypertension Induced Acute Hypoxic-Ischemic Retinal Injury in Rats","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.013","article-title":"Neuroglobin\u2014A Potential Biological Marker of Retinal Damage Induced by LED Light","volume":"270","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55315-3","article-title":"Effects of Exogenous Neuroglobin (Ngb) on Retinal Inflammatory Chemokines and Microglia in a Rat Model of Transient Hypoxia","volume":"9","author":"Tun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S144822","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Neuroglobin Overexpression Ameliorates the N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Retinal Impairments: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy against Photoreceptor Degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.007","article-title":"Hemin Supports the Survival of Photoreceptors Injured by N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea: The Contributory Role of Neuroglobin in Photoreceptor Degeneration","volume":"1678","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"99","article-title":"Plasmatic Neuroglobin during the Primitive Open-Angle Glaucoma","volume":"77","author":"Abessolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. De Biol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.021","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Plasma Proteins in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients by Two Dimensional Electrophoresis and MALDI-Tof-MS","volume":"29","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2014.364","article-title":"Effect of Light on Global Gene Expression in the Neuroglobin-Deficient Mouse Retina","volume":"2","author":"Reimets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2017.04.008","article-title":"Neuroglobin Can Prevent or Reverse Glaucomatous Progression in DBA\/2J Mice","volume":"5","author":"Lechauve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01452","article-title":"Exosomes from Astrocyte Processes: Signaling to Neurons","volume":"10","author":"Venturini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13876","article-title":"Neuroglobin Protects Astroglial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Cell Death","volume":"140","author":"Amri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiocchetti, M., Solar Fernandez, V., Segatto, M., Leone, S., Cercola, P., Massari, A., Cavaliere, F., and Marino, M. (2020). Extracellular Neuroglobin as a Stress-Induced Factor Activating Pre-Adaptation Mechanisms against Oxidative Stress and Chemotherapy-Induced Cell Death in Breast Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092451"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.09.003","article-title":"Neuroglobin: An Endogenous Neuroprotectant","volume":"8","author":"Greenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607497103","article-title":"Neuroglobin-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Cerebral and Myocardial Ischemia","volume":"103","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251466698","article-title":"Neuroglobin Is Up-Regulated by and Protects Neurons from Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury","volume":"98","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30128","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.373381","article-title":"Human Neuroglobin Functions as an Oxidative Stress-Responsive Sensor for Neuroprotection","volume":"287","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1449","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.418","article-title":"Neuroglobin, a pro-Survival Player in Estrogen Receptor \u03b1 -Positive Cancer Cells","volume":"5","author":"Fiocchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26378","article-title":"Dissecting the 17\u03b2-Estradiol Pathways Necessary for Neuroglobin Anti-Apoptotic Activity in Breast Cancer","volume":"233","author":"Fiocchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.02.005","article-title":"ER\u03b2-Dependent Neuroglobin up-Regulation Impairs 17\u03b2-Estradiol-Induced Apoptosis in DLD-1 Colon Cancer Cells upon Oxidative Stress Injury","volume":"149","author":"Fiocchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155410390323","article-title":"Different Expression Patterns of Ngb and EPOR in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus Revealed Distinctive Therapeutic Effects of Intranasal Delivery of Neuro-EPO for Ischemic Insults to the Gerbil Brain","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1191\/1078155205jp162oa","article-title":"Erythropoietin and Neuroprotection: A Therapeutic Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Milano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"81","article-title":"Pharmacological Induction of Neuroglobin Expression","volume":"87","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PHA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9718-5","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Modulates Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin in Rat Brain","volume":"30","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.300981","article-title":"Neuroglobin and Neuroprotection: The Role of Natural and Synthetic Compounds in Neuroglobin Pharmacological Induction","volume":"16","author":"Ciccone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0280","article-title":"Hemin induces neuroglobin expression in neural cells","volume":"100","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"903","article-title":"Human Carotid Body Neuroglobin, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Heroin Addiction","volume":"28","author":"Zara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01593-w","article-title":"The Modulatory Effect of Metformin on Ethanol-Induced Anxiety, Redox Imbalance, and Extracellular Matrix Levels in the Brains of Wistar Rats","volume":"70","author":"Bonea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27309","article-title":"Potentiation of Paclitaxel Effect by Resveratrol in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Counteracting the 17\u03b2-Estradiol\/Estrogen Receptor \u03b1\/Neuroglobin Pathway","volume":"234","author":"Cipolletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666160321105612","article-title":"Establishment of Cell-Based Neuroglobin Promoter Reporter Assay for Neuroprotective Compounds Screening","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/11\/3200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:31:25Z","timestamp":1760167885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/11\/3200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10113200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10113200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}}}