{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:16:51Z","timestamp":1788322611446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["AG042178, AG047812, NS105473, AG060767, AG069333, AG066347, and R41 AG060836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG042178, AG047812, NS105473, AG060767, AG069333, AG066347, and R41 AG060836"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperactivation of immune responses resulting in excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators in alveoli\/lung structures is the principal pathological feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The cytokine hyperactivation in COVID-19 appears to be similar to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease. Emerging evidence conferred the severity and risk of COVID-19 to RA patients. Amid the evidence of musculoskeletal manifestations involving immune-inflammation-dependent mechanisms and cases of arthralgia and\/or myalgia in COVID-19, crosstalk between COVID-19 and RA is often debated. The present article sheds light on the pathological crosstalk between COVID-19 and RA, the risk of RA patients in acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in RA development. We also conferred whether RA can exacerbate COVID-19 outcomes based on available clinical readouts. The mechanistic overlapping in immune-inflammatory features in both COVID-19 and RA was discussed. We showed the emerging links of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-dependent and macrophage-mediated pathways in both diseases. Moreover, a detailed review of immediate challenges and key recommendations for anti-rheumatic drugs in the COVID-19 setting was presented for better clinical monitoring and management of RA patients. Taken together, the present article summarizes available knowledge on the emerging COVID-19 and RA crosstalk and their mechanistic overlaps, challenges, and therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T22:19:16Z","timestamp":1638137956000},"page":"3291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["COVID-19 and Rheumatoid Arthritis Crosstalk: Emerging Association, Therapeutic Options and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9085-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saikat","family":"Dewanjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur Unversity, Kolkata 700032, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3313-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kandimalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 50000, India"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8181-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkumar Singh","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekhar","family":"Valupadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal 506007, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kakatiya Medical College Superspeciality Hospital, Warangal 506007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayalakshmi","family":"Vallamkondu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viswakalyan","family":"Kolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Visakhapatnam 530045, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarbani","family":"Dey Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arubala P.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Hemachandra","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, R.S., Tomar, D., Meena, A.S., and Kandimalla, R. (2020). 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